丹麦帝国
虽然丹麦通常不被视为殖民国家，但（在两国联合时期称为）丹麦（或丹麦-挪威）曾拥有一个帝国。如今，仍属于丹麦王国的两个海外领地是拥有不同程度自治权的格陵兰和法罗群岛。
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了解
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丹麦（或在1524年至1814年间两国联合期间的丹麦-挪威）并非最广为人知的殖民强国，通常也不与殖民主义联系在一起。在很大程度上，这是因为与其它欧洲帝国相比，丹麦帝国规模并不大。除去丹属爱沙尼亚，丹麦自1536年起便拥有殖民地，其最后一个殖民地于1953年获得完全的内部自治。
从某种意义上说，丹麦帝国可以追溯到1380年，当时挪威国王在没有继承人的情况下去世，挪威王冠落到了丹麦国王奥拉夫二世手中。尽管丹麦和挪威在两国联合时期被视为独立的平等主权王国，但在实际中，丹麦是联合的主导部分，国王主要驻扎在丹麦，并任命一位总督在国王缺席时管理挪威。
丹麦-挪威的首次殖民主张始于1536年，当时挪威声称拥有冰岛和法罗群岛。当挪威最终成为瑞典的一部分时，丹麦-挪威的海外殖民地归丹麦所有，因此冰岛一直处于丹麦统治之下，直到1944年独立；而法罗群岛至今仍是丹麦王国的一部分。
丹麦的下一个主要殖民地是在1620年，当时它拥有印度城市特兰奎巴（今Tharangambadi）。在很大程度上，它“只是在那里”，默默无闻地存在着，直到1845年被卖给英国，成为英属印度的一部分。
同世纪晚些时候，丹麦获得了丹属西印度群岛，即今天的美属维尔京群岛，这是其在欧洲-北极地区以外唯一一个占据整个陆地的殖民地。
在拿破仑战争后，挪威被割让给瑞典，丹麦-挪威的所有海外属地仍留在丹麦统治之下，包括挪威曾殖民的地区。挪威仅保留了斯瓦尔巴（在挪威被割让给瑞典后移交给挪威）以及无人居住的扬马延、布韦岛、彼得一世岛和玛丽女王地，后两者仅得到澳大利亚、法国、新西兰和英国（均承认彼此的南极主张）的承认。
丹麦的帝国最终随着其最后两个属地——格陵兰和法罗群岛——获得自治而结束。法罗群岛于1948年获得自治，而格陵兰于1979年获得自治。在联合国非殖民化特别委员会于2009年表示关切后，格陵兰获得了更大的自治权，包括通过公投寻求完全独立的权利。如今，格陵兰和法罗群岛都有自己的自治议会，实际上是自治的。丹麦仅管理货币、移民、外交、国防、司法，并为这两个地区投入大量资金。
目的地
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丹属西印度群岛（美属维尔京群岛）
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丹属西印度群岛是丹麦在欧洲和格陵兰以外唯一主要的殖民地，其在加纳和印度的殖民地只不过是几个定居点。现代美属维尔京群岛中，丹麦最早拥有的岛屿是1671年获得的圣托马斯岛。1718年又获得了圣约翰岛，并在1733年从法国购得了圣克洛伊岛。
1917年，丹属西印度群岛以2500万美元的价格出售给美利坚合众国，现为美国的一个组织领土。
- 黑胡子城堡 (Skytsborg). 一座建于1679年的城堡，用于保护港口和克里斯蒂安堡。城堡位于政府山最高点，作为丹麦士兵观察敌船的有效瞭望点。
- 基督教堡国家历史遗址 (Christiansted Historic Site), Christiansted. 该遗址占地七英亩，中心是Christiansted的海滨或码头区域。在旧丹属西印度群岛的首府，有五座18世纪和19世纪的建筑：Fort Christiansvaern（1738年）、丹麦西印度与几内亚公司仓库（1749年）、Steeple Building（1753年）、丹麦海关大楼（1844年）和Scale House（1856年）。
- 克里斯蒂安堡. 以国王克里斯蒂安五世命名，建于1671年，是美国维尔京群岛第一个成功的丹麦殖民地。它于1971年成为博物馆，并于1983年进行了大规模翻修。
- 弗雷德里克堡. 这座堡垒是为了宣示在丹属西印度群岛的存在，并保护圣克鲁瓦岛西部免受其他欧洲殖民列强的袭击而建。它于1760年完工，经过8年的建设，并以国王弗雷德里克五世命名。堡垒内有自由广场，1848年7月3日，彼得·冯·肖尔滕在此宣布丹属西印度群岛的所有奴隶获得自由。
- 克雷克海军造船厂 (St Thomas Marine Repair Facility), 维尔京群岛国家公园. 在丹麦殖民统治时期由丹麦投资者建造的铁路。
爱沙尼亚
[]爱沙尼亚曾是丹麦国王的属地，称为爱沙尼亚公国，从1219年至1346年，后被卖给条顿骑士团。
- 圣奥拉夫教堂 (Oleviste kirik) (塔林). 可追溯至13世纪，这是爱沙尼亚首都丹麦统治历史最显眼的遗迹。它以挪威国王奥拉夫二世的名字命名。
法罗群岛
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尽管法罗群岛是丹麦的一个集体，但它受挪威影响大于丹麦。法罗群岛曾是挪威王国的一部分，时间是从1035年到1814年——近800年。在此期间的大部分时间里，挪威与丹麦处于联合状态，但在拿破仑战争后，挪威被割让给瑞典，法罗群岛则成为丹麦的殖民地。尽管如此，至今，挪威的建筑风格仍有较大影响。
今天可以看到一个值得注意的丹麦和挪威影响是许多教堂的建筑风格，包括那些在小城镇里的教堂，它们确实非常丹麦或挪威风格——尽管许多教堂有草屋顶，给它们带来了法罗群岛的特色。
- 法罗群岛国家博物馆, Brekkutún 6. 虽然没有明确与殖民主义相关，但在这里可以了解法罗群岛的殖民时期。尽管许多物品，包括与殖民时期相关的物品，曾被移至丹麦本土，但现在这些物品已归还法罗群岛。
- 圣奥拉夫教堂, Kirkjubøur, 斯特雷默岛. 这座教堂建于12世纪，是法罗群岛最古老的教堂。它是宗教改革（天主教与路德教之间的过渡）的许多地点之一；一些文物，包括长椅末端，今天可以在法罗群岛国家博物馆找到。
- 斯坎森, 托尔斯港. 虽然这座堡垒建于1580年，由一位法罗群岛海军军官建造，但许多大炮是由丹麦安装的。在第二次世界大战前不久，英国也安装了一些火炮。如今，它是一座历史悠久的要塞。
- 托尔斯港大教堂 (Havnar Kirkja), 托尔斯港. 一座福音路德宗大教堂，建于1788年，自20世纪末以来一直是法罗群岛主教的所在地。最初的教堂建于1609年，是根据国王克里斯蒂安四世的命令建造的，但后来被拆除以建造今天的教堂。虽然设计有所改变，但大部分家具都转移到了大教堂。
黄金海岸（加纳）
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丹麦黄金海岸的规模并不大，丹麦在现代加纳仅拥有少数几个堡垒。其中许多堡垒具有重要的战略意义，并且大多数被用于将非洲奴隶装船运往美洲，作为大西洋奴隶贸易的一部分。所有这些堡垒最终于1850年以10,000英镑的价格出售给英国，成为更大的英属黄金海岸的一部分，后来发展成独立的加纳。其中一些堡垒已被重新利用，至少可以从外部参观，而另一些则已遭受侵蚀和气候变化的影响。
其中一些堡垒现在是联合国教科文组织世界遗产，标题为“伏尔塔、大阿克拉、中部和西部地区的堡垒和城堡”，于1979年入选。
- 奥古斯塔堡堡. 这座堡垒建于1787年，位于特希（Teshie）海岸，阿克拉以东。与其他丹麦在黄金海岸的堡垒不同，尽管这座堡垒被卖给了英国，但英国从未利用它。
- 克里斯蒂安堡堡 (Osu Castle), 阿布拉卡. 建于17世纪60年代，旨在作为丹麦黄金海岸的首都。该堡垒的所有权曾多次易手，先后归葡萄牙、阿夸姆、英国，最后是加纳。它曾是加纳的政府所在地（自1902年起），但现已迁至禧年宫。
- Fort Fredensborg (Fort Fredenzburg). This fort was built in 1734. Like other forts in the region, it was used for the slave trade, but once that ended, it very soon decayed by 1835, to the point where there was only one man stationed to "maintain the flag".
- Fort Kongenstein, Ada Foah. Though half of the fort has been eroded, thanks to rising sea levels, this fort is one of the most accessible Danish forts. It was considered particularly important as that part of the Gold Coast was near a salt mining centre (which was just to the north).
- Fort Prinzenstein, Keta. A slave-trade fort built in 1784, for defensive purposes after the Sagbadre War. The fort was also a point of trade of imported and exported goods to and from the Gold Coast.
冰岛
[]Iceland was first settled by Norsemen in the 7th century and came under the rule of the Norwegian crown in 1262. Iceland was incorporated into the Kalmar Union with Denmark, Sweden, and Norway when the Norwegian royal line was extinguished in 1380, and subsequently became part of Denmark-Norway when Sweden regained its independence as a separate kingdom in 1523. After the union between Denmark and Norway was dissolved in 1814, Iceland remained under the rule of the Danish crown, although it was granted full internal self-government in 1918. Iceland eventually gained complete independence from Denmark as a republic on June 17, 1944.
From 1602 to 1786, the Danish government imposed a trade monopoly on Iceland. Iceland was only allowed to trade with Denmark, and all trade in Iceland was only allowed to be conducted by Danish merchants. This led to much poverty for the Icelandic people as most of the profits from this trade were channeled to Denmark.
- Básendar, Southwest Iceland. Former fishing village that became one of the trading posts of the Danish Trade Monopoly. A tidal flood destroyed it in 1799, and only ruins remain today.
- Eskifjörður (Eskifjördur), East Iceland. A fishing town of about 1,043 that was a trading port since 1786, which boomed after Danish company Örum & Wulff opened a trading post in 1798. Today, Eskifjörður has a museum that tells the history of the town's trade history on top of the town's current fishing industry.
印度
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When it comes to colonialism in India, very few associate Denmark with it, with that spotlight often going to Britain and sometimes France and Portugal. However, Denmark did have a few small colonies in India, with two on the mainland, and the third a few hundred kilometers offshore in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the primary reason why the Danes fought for these colonies was spice trade. Like the several forts that Denmark possessed in Ghana, these three colonies were eventually sold to Britain and became a part of the British Raj in the mid-19th century.
- Nicobar Islands, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The set of 22 islands were first colonized by Denmark in 1754, under the name Frederiksøerne, and the colony was administered from the mainland in Tranquebar (now Tharangambadi), although it was not Denmark's most successful colony and the islands were repeatedly abandoned due to tropical diseases such as malaria. The Austrian Empire mistakenly thought these islands were abandoned, only to find out they weren't, but Denmark's rule over the islands came to an end when the Nicobar Islands were sold to Britain in 1868.
- Serampore (Frederiknagore) (includes Danmarksnagore (now Gondalpara)). Though there are relatively few remnants of Danish colonialism in this town, the Serampore College is a prime example of Danish architecture, and that college also happens to be Denmark's third university.
- Tharangambadi (Tranquebar, Danish: Trankebar). Tranquebar was the first Danish trading post in India, established in 1620 and there are large remnants of Danish colonialism in Tranquebar. By far, the most important Danish colonial historic site is probably Fort Dansborg, which is the second largest Danish fort ever constructed, and the largest outside Denmark. The Tranquebar Museum also features many Danish manuscripts, while New Jerusalem Church was a 1718-built church, and has services every Sunday.
挪威
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Norway came under the rule of the Danish crown in 1380 as part of the Kalmar Union, as the previous king had died without an heir, thus resulting in the Norwegian throne passing onto King Olaf II of Denmark. Norway remained under the rule of the Danish crown after Sweden pulled out of the Kalmar Union in 1523, and the resulting kingdom was known as Denmark-Norway, in which Denmark was the de facto dominant part with the king primarily ruling from Copenhagen. The union between Denmark and Norway was dissolved in 1814 as Norway was ceded to Sweden under the Treaty of Kiel in the midst of the Napoleonic Wars. Norway would subsequently gain full independence from Sweden with its own separate king on June 7, 1905.
- Akershus Fortress (Akershus Castle), Oslo Sentrum, Oslo. A medieval castle that served as the principal Norwegian residence of the king during the years of union with Denmark. In the absence of the king (who was primarily based in Denmark), it served as the residence of the Steward of Norway. After the original city of Oslo was destroyed in a fire, it was rebuilt in a new location adjacent to the castle and named Christiania after King Christian IV of Denmark. The name of the city was reverted to Oslo following Norwegian independence.
- Kristiansten Fortress (Kristiansten festning), Trondheim. Small fortress on a hill overlooking the centre of Trondheim, built in the 1680s. The only time the fortress has been in use was when the Carolean troops (the Swedish army during the reign of King Charles XII) tried to invade Norway in late 1718. Have a walk in the area for good views of Trondheim. If you can't be bothered with the hills, get bus 63 to Ankersgata, or rent a bike and use the bike lift!
- Fredriksten Fortress, Halden. After Bohuslän was lost to the Swedes in 1658 and the border was moved north, a new border fortress was needed. Fredriksten in Halden was built for this purpose, a basic fortification in 1659 which was enlarged during the rest of the 17th century. This is where the Swedish king Karl XII (Charles XII) was killed in 1718, which was a major turning point in the Great Northern War.
瑞典
[]Medieval Denmark included the provinces of Scania, Blekinge and Halland, centering the realm around Öresund, and allowing Denmark to extract a toll fee from passing ships. These provinces were ravaged by a number of wars against Sweden in the 16th and 17th centuries. With the 1658 Roskilde treaty, Sweden finally annexed these provinces, displacing Denmark as the dominant power of Scandinavia.
- Lund. Famous for its cathedral. Since 1425, Lund had a junior college. The Swedish government founded the university in 1666, one main reason being to enforce assimilation of Scania.
United Kingdom (Scotland)
[]The Orkney and Shetland Islands were very briefly under the rule of the Danish crown. Originally part of Norway, the islands went to Denmark with the rest of the country in 1380 as part of the Kalmar Union. As a result, Orkney and Shetland were more influenced by Norway than Denmark. In 1471, King Christian I of Denmark and Norway, unable to pay his dowry to his daughter Margaret on her marriage to King James IV of Scots, pawned Orkney and Shetland to Scotland. This action was intended to be temporary, but both archipelagos were later annexed by Scotland, which became part of the United Kingdom in 1707.
- Kirkwall. Famous for its cathedral, which is the most northerly cathedral in the British Isles. It is dedicated to Saint Magnus, Earl of Orkney, who lived when the islands were under Norwegian rule.