德意志帝国
The 德意志帝国 existed from 18 January 1871, when many of the German-speaking states of Europe united under 普鲁士 leadership in the aftermath of the 拿破仑战争, until the defeat of Germany in 第一次世界大战 in 1918. At its height, it had the third largest colonial empire among the European powers, only behind the British and French colonial empires.
了解
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Since the fall of the 罗马帝国, the area that is today 德国 had largely been comprised of numerous small kingdoms, principalities and duchies (see 法兰克人 and 汉萨同盟). However, from A.D. 962 to 1806, many of the Catholic German-speaking states had formed a loose confederation known as the 神圣罗马帝国, with the Holy Roman Emperor for much of its history being the Habsburg monarchs of Austria. The unification of the small German-speaking states into one single German nation-state only began in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars in 1864, and the German Empire was proclaimed in 1871, with King Wilhelm I of Prussia becoming the first Kaiser of the German Empire, while Minister-President of Prussia Otto von Bismarck became the first Chancellor of Germany. Austria did not join the German Empire, instead becoming the heart of the separate 奥匈帝国.
Germany hosted the Berlin Conference in 1884–1885, in which representatives of the United States and the European great powers met to divide Africa among themselves, with Germany obtaining its first overseas colonies in Africa (although some of the individual small German states had made short-lived attempts at colonisation prior to unification). The German colonial empire was to expand in the 1890s, into 大洋洲 and 中国, and their African holdings were further extended inland, though this expansionism would bring them into conflict with the French and the British. The German Empire came to an end after Germany's defeat in World War I in 1918, as the victorious Allies forced Germany to give up all its overseas colonies, and much of Germany's European territory was granted independence as new nation-states (in particular 波兰) or ceded to neighbouring countries (阿尔萨斯-洛林 to 法国).
Science and technology
[]Many German-speaking states had been prominent in natural sciences since the Northern Renaissance of the 16th century, and were important destinations on the 壮游. The unification of the German Empire allowed standardization and industrialization, challenging Britain and France as leading economic powers of Europe (see 工业文化之路). German scientists won many of the 诺贝尔奖 up to World War II, and heralded the 现代物理学黄金时代 from the late 19th century to 1945.
法律
[]- See also: 司法史
German civil law had a huge influence on legal systems around the world, spreading far beyond the boundaries of the German Empire. For instance, the modern legal systems of 中国 and 日本 are largely based on German civil law.
目的地
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Europe
[]During the days of the German Empire, Germany's borders stretched far beyond its modern-day ones. Most of Germany's former European territories were ceded to neighbouring countries after Germany's defeat in World War I as part of the Treaty of Versailles or after its defeat in World War II.
比利时
[]- 埃彭. The city changed hands several times before becoming part of Prussia in 1815, and eventually part of the German Empire in 1871. It was ceded to Belgium following Germany's defeat in World War I, but the city continues to be majority German-speaking, and is considered to be the heart of the small German-speaking minority in Belgium.
法国
[]- 梅斯. The heart of the 洛林 region, which was ceded by France together with the neighbouring Alsace region in 1871, before being returned to France following Germany's defeat in World War I. The city's Imperial Quarter was built by the Germans during Lorraine's stint as part of Germany, and many buildings from that era still survive to this day. The now-moribund local dialect of French also exhibits a strong German influence.
- 斯特拉斯堡. The largest city in the 阿尔萨斯 region, seized from France in 1871, and returned to France after Germany's defeat in World War I. However, the architecture in the old town and local cuisine still shows a strong German influence, and a now-moribund dialect of German known as Alsatian remains spoken by some residents of the city. The occasional seat of the 欧洲联盟.
立陶宛
[]- 克莱佩达 (Memel). Formerly part of Prussia and later, the German Empire, it was ceded to Lithuania following Germany's defeat in World War I. However, many German-style timber-framed buildings remain dotted throughout the city.
波兰
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- 格但斯克 (Danzig). Polish port city, annexed by Prussia in 1793. When Poland regained its independence following World War I, Danzig became the "Free City of Danzig", nominally independent but in practice under Polish suzerainty, though with an ethnic German majority, until it was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1939. Following Germany's defeat in World War II, the city was returned to Poland, following which it was ethnically cleansed of its German population, who were replaced with ethnic Poles.
- 什切青 (Stettin). A Polish port city near the German border, it had for much of history been under the rule of the Dukes of Pomerania, who were initially under Polish suzerainty. It became part of the 瑞典帝国 in 1630, before being ceded to Prussia in 1720. After the founding of the German Empire, the city grew into a major port, retaining this status in the years between the world wars for the Weimar Republic. After Germany's defeat in World War II, the city was returned to Poland, who proceeded to expel its German population. However, numerous buildings, including two city gates, from its time as part of Prussia and Germany still survive dotted around the old city.
- 弗罗茨瓦夫 (Breslau). The largest city in the Polish region of Lower Silesia. It was annexed to Poland in 1945, following Germany's defeat in Wolrd War II, and ethnically cleansed of its German population. Much of the old town was destroyed during World War II as Soviet troops fought their way towards Berlin, but it was beautifully restored to its former glory after the fall of communism.
俄罗斯
[]- 加里宁格勒 (Königsberg), 加里宁格勒州. Original capital of East Prussia, it was annexed by the 苏联 after 欧洲第二次世界大战, which proceeded to ethnically cleanse the area of its German population and repopulate it with ethnic Russians loyal to Moscow, and renamed the city to its current name. However, seven of the original German city gates survive, while the old German cathedral, with the grave of philosopher Immanuel Kant, has been restored. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kaliningrad became an exclave of the Russian Federation, separated from the rest of Russia by the 波罗的海国家.
德属东非
[]- See also: 德属东非
German East Africa comprised of 卢旺达, 布隆迪, and the mainland part of modern-day 坦桑尼亚 (then known as Tanganyika), as well as the Kionga Triangle, a small piece of land in modern-day 莫桑比克. After Germany's defeat in World War I, the colony was split up: Rwanda and Burundi were ceded to Belgium, Tanganyika to the United Kingdom, and the Kionga Triangle to Portugal.
布隆迪
[]- 基甘达. The former royal capital of the Kingdom of Burundi, this was where King Mwezi IV surrendered to the Germans in 1903.
卢旺达
[]- 基加利. Today the capital of independent Rwanda, it is home to Kandt House Museum, the former home of Richard Kandt, the first German Resident of Rwanda who made Kigali its administrative centre. The museum is today dedicated to the history of Rwanda, with some exhibits about the German colonial period.
坦桑尼亚
[]- 达累斯萨拉姆. This became the colonial capital in 1890 and was Tanzania's capital until the 1970s. It is also Tanzania's largest city and the mainland's main port.
- 巴加莫约. This was the colony's capital from 1885 to 1890. Today it is just a minor town 70 km north of Dar es Salaam; it is somewhat down-at-the heels, though it does have a lively arts scene and some good beaches. It is also the closest port to Zanzibar.
- 基戈马. This port on 坦噶尼喀湖 was the main German base in the area; today it is a provincial capital and still an important port. The ship that the Imperial German Navy built to dominate the lake still sails from Kigoma; today it is the ferry MV Liemba.
What was German South West Africa is today the independent country of Namibia, and was first colonised by Germany in 1884. It was seized by 南非 on behalf of the British in 1915, and subsequently awarded to the United Kingdom as part of the Treaty of Versailles, but with South Africa continuing to administer it on behalf of the British. After South Africa gained self government in 1931, South West Africa would become a colony of South Africa before gaining independence as the Republic of Namibia in 1990.
- 吕德里茨. 一座以德国殖民建筑特别密集而闻名的城镇。
喀麦隆
[]德属喀麦隆（German colony from 1884-1916）。第一次世界大战德国战败后，该殖民地被分割给英国和法国。法国控制的部分于1960年独立成为喀麦隆，而英国控制的部分于1961年被分割给尼日利亚和喀麦隆。
多哥兰
[]- 洛美. 如今多哥的首都，圣心大教堂是该市最具标志性的建筑之一，由德国人在殖民统治时期建造。洛美宫（Palais de Lomé）最初是为德国总督建造的住所，后来成为法国总督和短暂独立的多哥总统的住所。如今，它已改建为艺术画廊并向公众开放。
德属新几内亚
[]德属新几内亚包括如今巴布亚新几内亚的北部，以及附近的一些岛屿，如瑙鲁、帕劳、马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚联邦和北马里亚纳群岛。第一次世界大战德国战败后，该领土被分割给英国和日本，澳大利亚主要负责管理英国获得的区域。日本控制的地区将在第二次世界大战日本战败后割让给美国。
巴布亚新几内亚
[]德属萨摩亚
[]- 阿皮亚. 曾是德属萨摩亚的首府，如今是独立萨摩亚的首都。德属萨摩亚于1914年第一次世界大战期间被新西兰代表英国夺取。如今，德国殖民遗产的痕迹已不多，但萨摩亚博物馆（Museum of Samoa）位于德国殖民统治时期建造的一所前学校内。还有一个纪念碑立在德国人首次升起国旗的地方。
中国
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- 青岛. 在德国殖民统治时期（1898-1914年），这座城市仍保留有许多德国殖民建筑。德国殖民主义的另一遗迹是当地的青岛啤酒，这是中国最著名的啤酒品牌，其啤酒厂由德国殖民者于1903年创立。啤酒至今仍是当地文化不可或缺的一部分，一种独特的当地传统是将啤酒直接从桶中倒入塑料袋，然后用吸管饮用。第一次世界大战开始时，这座城市被日本占领，随后根据《凡尔赛条约》被授予日本，尽管中国政府提出了抗议。第二次世界大战结束后，它被归还给中国。
- 天津. 天津的很大一部分曾是西方列强和日本的租界，德租界存在于1899年至1917年，期间在一战期间被中国和美国军队占领。美国人随后接管了德国的旧兵营，而德租界的其余部分则归还给中国。如今，前德租界仍然保留着许多殖民时期建筑，包括当时一些中国名人的别墅。其中一些别墅已被修复，现在是豪华的英迪格酒店（Hotel Indigo）的一部分，您可以在那里入住（如果您负担得起的话）。
- 潍坊. 德国于1898年在潍坊设立了租界。1914年，第一次世界大战爆发后，日本人取代了德国人，并将该地区变成了日租界。它一直被日本人占有直到第二次世界大战结束。如今，该地区是一个名为“坊子欧韵小镇”的旅游景点。有166座殖民时期建筑，包括103座德国建造的建筑和63座日本建造的建筑。著名建筑包括德式坊子火车站、德国陆军医院和德国陆军总部。
土耳其
[]19世纪末，德意志帝国试图寻找方法，在不谈判由竞争对手英帝国控制的海峡通道（如多佛、直布罗陀和苏伊士）的情况下，抵达其遥远的殖民地。与此同时，已开始衰落的奥斯曼帝国希望通过一条固定线路加强其在南部省份的影响力。因此，这两个帝国在修建一条连接柏林到波斯湾、穿越君士坦丁堡的铁路这一宏伟设想上找到了共同点，该项目后来被冠名为“巴格达铁路”。
因此，尽管土耳其的任何部分从未成为德国的领土，但土耳其拥有重要的德意志帝国遗产，主要与铁路项目有关。欧洲部分的铁路线因东方快车而闻名。
- 伊斯坦布尔. 该市的两个主要火车站都是德国建造的，但风格截然不同，以至于抵达的乘客能对他们即将踏上的大陆有一个概念：欧洲终点站锡尔凯吉（Sirkeci）是欧洲东方主义最著名的例子之一，而亚洲终点站、附近的海达尔帕夏（Haydarpaşa）车站则代表了德国新古典主义的典范。海达尔帕夏车站建造期间，附近的耶尔迪吉里门尼（Yeldeğirmeni）地区发展成为一个德国社区；许多历史悠久的公寓楼至今仍点缀着该地区。在城市另一边的苏丹艾哈迈德广场（Sultanahmet Square）有德国喷泉（German Fountain），采用新拜占庭风格建造，以纪念威廉二世访问阿卜杜勒哈米特二世的行程，当时前者正在争取后者对巴格达铁路项目的支持。
- 希列克. 1884年，一座预制木制宅邸在伊斯坦布尔建造，仅用三周时间，然后被运到这里，并在海滨用一天时间组装完成，正好在威廉二世参观附近的皇家地毯厂期间入住。
- 科尼亚. “德国住宅”（Alman Evleri）是一排靠近车站的几座相同的建筑。它们拥有尖顶的独特建筑风格，为铁路工作人员建造。截至2022年，它们正在进行翻新，并计划作为博物馆或文化中心向公众开放。现代而漂亮的巴格达酒店（Baghdad Hotel），正如其名，是为了铁路旅客建造的，位于附近，自1980年以来一直作为土耳其国家铁路官方访客的招待所。
- 拜舍希尔. 随着铁路沿康尼亚高原的修建，其工程师也探索了该地区灌溉的可能性，或许是为了使其货物运输多样化。这个副项目最令人印象深刻的部分——安纳托利亚最早的大型灌溉工程——是Taş Köprü（“石桥”），一座建于1908-14年的联合调节水坝和人行桥，将拜舍希尔湖的水引入东部干旱的草原。
- 楚姆拉 (中安纳托利亚). 这是主要灌溉渠的东部出口，留下了该项目的一些基础设施，以及一套自己风格的“德国房屋”，比科尼亚的更优雅、更精致，位于国家水利工程（Devlet Su İşleri）当地总部的绿树成荫的院子里。
- 瓦尔达高架桥 (靠近卡拉伊萨勒). 这座拱形建筑横跨陶鲁斯山脉深邃的峡谷，是巴格达铁路皇冠上的宝石。当地人称其为“德国桥”。
- 贝莱梅迪克 (靠近波赞提). 这是为陶鲁斯段铁路项目建筑工人提供住所的德国村庄遗址。多年来，有数十名德国人因自然原因死亡，因此还有一个德国公墓。
- 阿达纳. 这座城市火车站建于1912年，与铁路项目同时竣工，是巴格达铁路沿线伊斯坦布尔以东最宏伟的车站建筑，或许除了如今叙利亚的阿勒颇（设计相似）之外。