科罗拉多州西北部
科罗拉多州西北部是美国科罗拉多州的一个地区。这里是一个多样化的区域，既有红岩台地和白雪覆盖的山峰，也有科罗拉多河的发源地。这个落基山脉地区包括了该州大多数最受欢迎的滑雪胜地，如布雷肯里奇、阿斯彭和韦尔。这里也是西部坡地最大的城市大章克申的所在地。
城市
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- 阿斯彭 - 极具时尚感的滑雪小镇，以名人聚集而闻名。
- 布雷肯里奇 - 美国最受欢迎的滑雪胜地。
- 克雷格
- 许多来源称之为“世界麋鹿狩猎之都”，这里拥有北美最大的麋鹿种群之一。 - 迪隆和西尔弗索恩 - 位于迪隆湖东侧的双子社区。
- 鹰
- 弗里斯科 - 位于迪隆湖西侧，是通往六个滑雪胜地的便利基地。
- 弗鲁塔
- 格伦伍德斯普林斯 - 这个小镇提供巨大的地热温泉和迷人的旅游魅力。
- 格兰比
- 大章克申 - 该地区唯一的*真正*的城市，也是最大的区域性机场。
- 格兰德湖
- 基斯通
- 帕利塞德 - 一个以许多葡萄园闻名的小型果园和葡萄种植镇。
- 雷德斯通
- 里弗尔 - 一个小型城镇，也是该州天然气田日益增长的基地。拥有里弗尔峡谷和里弗尔瀑布州立公园以及里弗尔山公园。
- 斯廷博特斯普林斯 - 一个悠闲的西部滑雪小镇，以其香槟雪闻名。
- 阳光山
- 韦尔 - 北美最大的单体山滑雪坡。
其他目的地
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通常，本节用于介绍具有风景优美的自然奇观和地质趣味的地方。以下是该地区的一些亮点：
- 科罗拉多国家纪念碑。 位于大章克申附近。贯穿高耸于大峡谷之上的红砂岩柱、拱门和其他奇特岩层，拥有峡谷边缘大道和步道系统。
- 恐龙国家纪念碑。 位于恐龙附近。这个化石丰富的地区遍布侏罗纪蜥脚类和异特龙的巨大骨骼。也是漂流的绝佳地点。
- 平顶荒野保护区 - 靠近里弗尔。科罗拉多州第二大荒野保护区，最高点近 12,000 英尺（3658 米），提供徒步、钓鱼、露营和各种娱乐活动。
- 大台地国家森林 - 靠近帕利塞德。世界上最大的平顶山，拥有滑雪胜地、风景优美的风景线和充足的户外活动。
- 亨特弗莱潘荒野保护区 - 靠近卡本代尔。这里是亨特溪和弗莱潘河的发源地，以及威廉姆斯山脉的无名山峰。
- 小书崖野马区 位于大章克申以东约 10 英里（16 公里）处。这是一个以其野马群而闻名的地区。看到“旧西部”的野外遗迹
- 马龙贝尔斯-斯诺马斯荒野保护区 - 靠近斯诺马斯村。锯齿状的紫色山脉倒映在平静的高山湖泊中。落基山脉中最常被拍摄的山峰之一。
- 麦克尼斯峡谷国家保护区 - 靠近大章克申。崎岖的峡谷地带，也是科科佩利小径的所在地，这是一条非常受自行车爱好者喜爱的岩石小径。
- 罗特国家森林 - 斯廷博特斯普林斯的滑雪场所在地。
- 沙洗盆地[死链] - 自 1986 年以来，这里一直是最后几个野马种群之一的栖息地。
了解
[]广义上，该区域的边界是
- 北部，与怀俄明州州界线相接；
- 东部，为落基山脉的西部坡地；这条线沿着大陆分水岭延伸，大陆分水岭是降水流向的虚构分界线。分水岭以西的降水流向太平洋。分水岭以东的降水流向墨西哥湾和大西洋。
- 南部，梅萨县、皮特金县和萨米特县的南部边界。这是一条任意划定的线，距离东西向的 70 号州际公路以南 50 至 100 英里，大致从东部的伊森豪威尔隧道东入口延伸到西部的犹他州州界线。
- 西部，与犹他州州界线相接。
该地区边界的划分在科罗拉多州往往有些争议（即使在日常生活中也是如此），这里采用的是一种临时的划分方式。如果您在本篇文章中找不到您想查找的目的地，请查看邻近的前山山脉、科罗拉多州西南部甚至科罗拉多州中南部部分，看看是否包含在那里。
该地区以其地质特征为主。它大致平均分为两部分：一部分是落基山脉中最高、白雪覆盖的山峰，另一部分是典型的高原沙漠科罗拉多高原的砂岩峡谷和台地。科罗拉多州西北部最显著的两个地质特征是大陆分水岭的西部坡地以及由落基山脉的雪水汇集而最终雕刻出大峡谷的壮丽的科罗拉多河，这条河流经亚利桑那州。
山脉仍在增长，由一个倾斜角度奇特的俯冲构造板块向上推挤。这解释了为什么科罗拉多州西北部奇怪地没有火山，不像华盛顿州和俄勒冈州的喀斯喀特山脉。（尽管过去曾有火山活动，科罗拉多州西北部地点如斯廷博特斯普林斯和格伦伍德斯普林斯也散布着地热温泉。）科罗拉多州西北部靠近阿斯彭有埃尔伯特峰。它海拔 14,433 英尺（4268 米），是整个落基山脉的最高峰。
该地区台地部分的地质构造特征是书崖，在大章克申附近尤为突出。这一地质遗迹的产物是该地区以其侏罗纪时代的化石而闻名，这些化石在莫里森组中随处可见。恐龙国家纪念碑位于犹他州边境，并延伸至该州，是为了保护那里发现的巨大化石床而建立的，这些化石床至今仍在提供令人瞩目的古生物学发现。三角洲，位于该地区南部，在科罗拉多州西南部，以及大章克申都有大型化石采石场。
经济上也存在分歧。科罗拉多州西北部既有小型、艰难维生的城镇，也有高端滑雪度假村（其中一些是世界上最富有、最昂贵的）。滑雪度假村是社交名流百万富翁和亿万富翁的游乐场，拥有数百万美元的豪宅和高昂的生活成本。在这些奢侈的区域之外，是广阔的乡村地区，是牧场和果园的所在地。科罗拉多州西北部也是科罗拉多葡萄酒产区所在地，是该州对纳帕和索诺玛的回应，它们位于加利福尼亚州。科罗拉多州西北部的大部分地区是联邦政府或州政府拥有的公共土地。因此，这里有大量的机会进行徒步、露营、钓鱼、狩猎、山地自行车、漂流和其他形式的娱乐活动。
历史
[]公元 250 年至 1300 年之间，弗里蒙特人是该地区最早的居民。他们的文化至今仍能在该地区台地部分峡谷墙壁上留下的许多岩画和象形文字中看到。大约在 1500 年，尤特族迁入了科罗拉多州西北部。
1521 年西班牙征服中美洲的阿兹特克帝国后，西班牙建立了新西班牙总督辖区，并声称拥有北美洲的大部分地区，包括科罗拉多州西北部周围的一个模糊区域。边界在地图上并不牢固，西班牙人只到达了科罗拉多州中南部。
在 19 世纪，该地区与年轻的美国发生了很大争议。1803 年路易斯安那购地之后，美国声称拥有阿肯色河以南和以西的所有土地。西班牙围绕其殖民地圣达菲新墨西哥宣布了一个大型贸易区，美国对此提出了质疑。1806 年，泽布伦·派克率领美国军队远征该地区，并在此过程中“发现”了派克峰，但派克从未到达科罗拉多州西北部。一支西班牙骑兵在科罗拉多州中南部逮捕了派克远征队，最终将其驱逐出新西班牙。美国在 1819 年通过《亚当斯-奥尼斯条约》购买佛罗里达时，放弃了对该地区的主权。
1821 年，新西班牙总督辖区成功反叛，与西班牙王室分离。科罗拉多州西北部可能成为新国家墨西哥的一个省——上加利福尼亚的一部分。
为了开发该地区，墨西哥官员向山区 men、皮毛捕猎者和商人开放了土地。在 1821 年至 1840 年间，探险家安托万·罗比杜克斯 (Antoine Robidoux) 曾深入该地区寻找河狸皮毛。随着这些探险家和投机者的涌入，许多后来领导美国军队远征和政府测量队的 men 出现：基特·卡森 (Kit Carson)、“拓荒者”约翰·查尔斯·弗里蒙特 (John Charles Fremont) 和约翰·甘尼森上尉 (Captain John Gunnison)。
1846 年，美国入侵并击败了墨西哥，赢得了美墨战争。根据《瓜达卢佩·伊达尔戈条约》，美国获得了科罗拉多州西北部以及加利福尼亚州、内华达州、犹他州以及亚利桑那州、新墨西哥州和怀俄明州的部分地区。
1849 年，摩门教徒建立了沙漠州临时州，包括科罗拉多州西北部的一部分，但美国拒绝承认这一主张。在接下来的 20 年里，摩门教徒拒绝居住在南北向的绿河以东地区。
在美国忙于扩张领土的同时，尤特人正在进行一场后卫战，白人定居者不断侵占他们的土地。尤特人和白人之间围绕资源的摩擦不可避免。1868 年，美国政府和尤特印第安人签署了一项条约，将科罗拉多州西北部指定为尤特保留地的一部分。但该地区河流提供了可靠的水源和可耕种的土地。圣胡安山脉南部发现金银矿加剧了这一情况。白人中还有一种传教精神，他们认为这是上帝赋予的使命，要将游牧的尤特人皈依基督教和农业生活方式。这些因素对定居者来说是无法抗拒的。
美国政府印第安事务局局长内森·库克·米克尔，以一种傲慢和敌对的态度对待尤特人，决心将他们变成农民。他犁掉了尤特人的赛马场来种植庄稼，后来与赛马场主人发生了肢体冲突。1879 年，米克尔发电报请求军事援助，联邦政府派遣了约 200 名士兵前来维持秩序。双方都带着相互不信任处理了这种情况，并发生了几次小规模冲突。危机最终以尤特人杀害了印第安局的几名白人（包括米克尔）并发动了所谓的尤特战争而告终。尤特人最初取得了胜利，但后来被强行迁往犹他州，以及科罗拉多州西南部，靠近科特斯。
Uncompahgre 保留地于 1881 年秋季开放给定居者。定居者涌入该地区。诸如帕奥尼亚、大章克申、梅克尔和克雷格等城镇迅速建立。在接下来的 80 年里，农业和畜牧业是该地区经济的主要支柱。像阿斯彭、布雷肯里奇和利德维尔这样的矿业城镇，则受益于白银和黄金的丰收。
第二次世界大战后，随着该地区现代滑雪度假村的建立，科罗拉多州西北部迎来了前所未有的繁荣时期。20 世纪下半叶见证了斯诺马斯村、韦尔、比弗溪、铜山、阿拉帕霍盆地、韦尔和基斯通的诞生。大章克申成长为服务滑雪城镇的区域中心，同时也是一个经历了铀和油页岩开采以及天然气勘探的繁荣与萧条的社区。该地区的人口不断增长，人们爱上了它的自然美景和丰富的娱乐机会。
对话
[]该地区大部分使用英语，也有一些说西班牙语的社区，例如韦尔附近的明特恩。山区度假村、能源、建筑和酒店业的劳动阶层支柱是讲西班牙语的劳工群体。在另一端，中美洲和南美洲的有钱统治阶层，在圣诞节和新年期间涌向韦尔。有关如何更好地与这两类人沟通的更多信息，请参阅西班牙语手册。
此外，在滑雪小镇中，还有与来自欧洲和南美洲的大学生进行的广泛的交流项目。你会发现他们在这里经营滑雪缆车和设备租赁店，所以在滑雪季节，听到法语、德语和意大利语并不少见。然而，所有人都必须会说英语。
抵达
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要游览科罗拉多州西北部，游客将需要乘坐飞机和/或开车。
乘飞机
[]丹佛和科罗拉多州大章克申有主要机场，阿斯彭和韦尔有地区机场。
- 丹佛国际机场 (DEN IATA), 8500 Peña Blvd, ☏ +1 303-342-2000, info@flydenver.com. 位于丹佛州议会大厦东北方向 18 英里（29 公里）。世界十大最繁忙机场之一。
- 大章克申地区机场[死链], ( (GJT IATA), 别名沃克菲尔德，由六家航空公司运营，提供往返达拉斯/沃斯堡、丹佛、盐湖城、凤凰城和拉斯维加斯的直飞服务。部分服务为季节性。对于私人飞行员来说，也可以乘坐小型飞机抵达机场并在此停留，以便游览该地区。机场也提供出租车服务。
- 阿斯彭-皮特金县机场, (也称为萨迪菲尔德) (ASE IATA)). 阿斯彭的主要航空公司包括联合航空、达美航空和美国航空。ASE 是一个小型机场，仅供小型飞机起降，并且在恶劣天气下交通 tends to stop。
- 韦尔/鹰县机场 (EGE IATA). 电话：+1-800-225-6136，位于韦尔以西 20 分钟路程的鹰。
- Yampa Valley Regional Airport [已死链接]，（也称 Yampa Valley Airport）（HDN IATA）。前往 Steamboat 的主要航空公司包括 American、Delta、Frontier 和 United。部分服务为季节性。
乘汽车
[]- Aspen - About 4 hours from Denver on Interstate 70. There are two major routes from Denver - through Glenwood Springs or through Independence Pass. Independence Pass is only open in the summer months, but provides spectacular views and can be a bit faster than the longer route through Glenwood. To take this route, travel south from Copper Mountain and exit off I-70 to Leadville.
- Breckenridge - About 90 minutes west of Denver. Travel on I-70 West for 71 mi (114 km). Take exit 203 for CO Hwy 9 South toward Breckenridge/Frisco. At the traffic circle, take the 4th exit onto CO-9 heading to Frisco. Travel 10 mi (16 km) to Breckenridge.
- Grand Junction, Clifton and Palisade - Palisade and Grand Junction are on Interstate 70, about 40 minutes east of the Utah border and 4 hours west of Denver. From the South, (Telluride, Delta and Montrose), drivers can travel US 50 north.
- Steamboat Springs - Typically 3 to 4 hours away from Denver by car in good winter conditions. If heavy snow, there are a couple of passes (including Rabbit Ears Pass) which become much more difficult and slow going. The most direct route from Denver to Steamboat is I-70 west to Silverthorne. From there, take Hwy 9 North to Kremmling where you meet up with US 40. Then drive west on US 40 over Rabbit Ears pass to Steamboat. With no traffic or snow, the drive can be as quick as 2.5 hours.
- Vail- 100 mi (161 km) west of Denver on Interstate 70, and about 130 mi (160 km) from Denver International Airport.
乘火车
[]Amtrak serves Grand Junction and Glenwood Springs with the California Zephyr, which runs daily between Emeryville (in the San Francisco Bay Area) and Chicago. Amtrak and AAA partner to run several Wine Trains between Denver and Grand Junction each spring.
乘巴士
[]- 格兰德章克申、克利夫顿和帕利赛德
- Greyhound Bus Lines, 230 S 5th St, Grand Junction, ☏ +1-970-242-6012.
四处逛逛
[]乘汽车
[]
The major artery through the region is Interstate 70. Weather-wise, there are three distinct micro-climates along I-70 in Northwestern Colorado. Conditions are highly variable depending on both the altitude and terrain. The weather can be blizzard conditions on the Eastern Slope of the Continental Divide in South Central Colorado, cloud cover on the Western Slope, and sunny west of Glenwood Canyon near Glenwood Springs.
During the winter, heavy ice and snow are a concern on the mountain passes, which can make driving difficult and slow going. Always check the weather and road conditions before heading out. Even on a clear winter's day, make sure your vehicle's wiper fluid reservoir is full. The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT)[已死链接]在道路上撒沙子和氯化镁，这会在您的挡风玻璃上留下难以清除的粘稠污垢。
In the summer months, it's not uncommon to see the shoulders of the highways littered with broken-down vehicles that could not handle the steep grades and high altitude air of the Rocky Mountains. If you are venturing from a lower altitude, make sure your car can handle mountain driving. Thinner air means you will be burning more gasoline. Also, with so many steep grades, expect to gear down to avoid unnecessary friction to your brake pads。
During peak times, I-70 can get very crowded and it is not unheard of for a trip from Eagle and Summit Counties to Denver to take 3 hours or more (Allow for 5 from Pitkin County). Peak times are weekend afternoons (2PM- 6PM) both in the summer and winter. Plan accordingly and either leave in the morning, or leave after 5PM in the winter.
乘巴士
[]The majority of the ski towns offer bus service around the resorts and to the slopes. Grand Junction and Meeker have public transportation, as well.
看
[]
- Betty Ford Alpine Gardens.
- Colorado Ski Museum.
- Dinosaur Journey Museum.
- Fort Hale.
- Glenwood Caverns.
- Museum of Western Colorado.
- National Mining Hall of Fame & Museum.
- Tabor Opera House.
- Western Colorado Botanical Gardens.
- Western Colorado Center for the Arts.
行程
[]
- Buffalo Pass - Near Steamboat Springs. Only road crossing the Continental Divide through the Park Range. Offers great views of the Yampa River Basin. Dirt road popular for fat tire bike rides and four wheel drives.
- Canyon Pintado - Driving tour of Fremont petroglyphs and pictographs, near Rangely.
- Glenwood Canyon - View rugged canyon walls along a masterfully engineered highway. Bike and hiking trails parallel I-70. Near Glenwood Springs.
- Independence Pass - High mountain drive is only open in the summer months. Between Leadville and Aspen.
- Loveland Pass - Before the I-70 Eisenhower Tunnel was built, this above timberline road was the original highway over the Continental Divide to get to the ski resorts. Between Georgetown and Silverthorne.
- Rattlesnake Canyon - Hike along a red rock mesa top and through several natural arches. Next to the Colorado National Monument.
- Shrine Pass Road - Between Minturn and Vail. Mountain meadows, summer snow and views of the Gore Range and Mount Holy Cross, a peak with snow-filled crevasses that form a giant crucifix.
活动
[]There is no shortage of summer or winter activities in this diverse wilderness area.
- Arrange for a horse-drawn sleigh or dog sled ride. Usually comes with hot chocolate or spiced cider. Aspen, Vail and the resorts around Summit County have outfitters who will take care of everything for you.
- Go ice skating on an outdoors rink or groomed municipal pond.
- Ride a ski lift, quad chair or gondola to the top of one of the ski slopes in the summer months. Many resorts, like Vail's Eagle's Nest, offer modest grilled food at the summit. You can then hike, bike or ride the lift back to the bottom.
- River runners will enjoy the various rapids along the Yampa, Colorado, Frying Pan, Eagle and Roaring Fork Rivers. There are outfitters in all the resort towns, Grand Junction and Glenwood Springs.
- For wine tasting tours, head to Palisade or Grand Junction, home of the Grand Valley American Viticultural Area (AVA).
- Zip Adventures of Vail. - located in Wolcott
注意安全
[]健康
[]There's no reason to fear the mountains, as long as you approach them with proper respect and preparation. As with anywhere else, recklessness and a lack of forethought can get you into trouble, especially in Colorado's vast back country。
- Altitude sickness - Can lead to dizziness, headaches, nausea, even blackouts and pulmonary edema. Give your body a few days to adjust to the high altitudes before going full throttle with your hiking or skiing.
- Dehydration - When you engage in strenuous outdoor activities, be sure to replenish your fluids as you go. You may be losing moisture through your mouth and nose and through sweating, but be completely unawares due to the arid mountain air. May result in dizziness, intense thirst and elevated heart and breath rates.
- Giardia - Drinking untreated water from regional streams is not a good idea owing to Giardia parasites, but tap water is not a problem.
- Hypothermia - Prolonged exposure to the cold can result in confusion, a slowed heart rate, lethargy, even death. Dress warmly in non cotton clothing to allow any sweat to wick away from your body and evaporate. Otherwise, it may thoroughly chill you later in the day when temperatures drop.
- Frostbite - During periods of severe cold, your circulatory system pulls all your warming blood into the core of your body to protect your vital organs. This makes your extremities such as your ears, fingers and nose especially vulnerable. Wear a face mask, insulated gloves and other heavy gear on the worst winter days. It gets cold sitting still on those ski lifts!
- Sunburn - Lather up with sunscreen, even if there's cloud cover. Colorado's high elevation means you have less protection to the sun's powerful ultra violet rays. This can be compounded while skiing or snowboarding, when the rays are reflected off the snow and hits the underside of your jaw. Don't forget to wear UV-rated goggles or sunglasses, as well. There's nothing more painful than sunburned eyeballs.
安全
[]- Avalanches - Colorado claims about a third of all avalanche deaths in the U.S. The ski resorts have groomed slopes that are safe, but it is extremely dangerous to ski or snowboard outside of the designated terrain. It's popular amongst daredevil skiers to "run the chutes," steep, shaded slopes that funnel into tight gullies. These are classic avalanche zones. Far more common (and deadly) are slab avalanches that break along a fault line and bury unsuspecting snow mobilers or skiers. Always wear a homing beacon and check the conditions at the Colorado Avalanche Information Center before heading into the back country.
- Lightning - This is especially deadly in the high country above timberline when no shelter is nearby. If you hear crackling or hissing sounds, or your hair begins to stand on end, squat down immediately in the "lightning desperation position" - feet together and your hands clapped over your ears. Remember, a tent and inflatable mattress offer no protection from a lightning strike. Avoid the high ground, or solitary objects like trees that stick out higher than the surrounding terrain (they may act like natural lightning rods). For more information, see the safety tips at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) [已死链接].
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[]- Arches National Park - Largest concentration of natural arches in the world, just northeast of Moab in Utah, as well as other strange sandstone formations, such as pinnacles, cliffs, mesas, and gorges.
- Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park - 12 miles of a spectacular and scenic gorge.
- Canyons of the Ancients National Monument[已死链接] - In Southwestern Colorado. Contains more than 6,000 archaeological sites, representing Ancestral Puebloan and other Native American cultures.
- Canyonlands National Park - Large, spectacular wilderness of sandstone cliffs, narrow gorges, canyons, plateaus, bluffs, and other strange and beautiful formations east of Moab.
- Great Sand Dunes National Park - Includes North America's tallest dunes, which rise over 750 feet high against the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Near Alamosa.
- Hovenweep National Monument - Near Cortez. Protects six Ancestral Puebloan villages spread over a twenty-mile expanse of mesa tops and canyons along the Utah-Colorado border. Iconic to the monument are the multi-storied ruins.
- Mesa Verde National Park - Home to Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwellings. Near Cortez.
- Yucca House National Monument - Near Cortez. An entire unexcavated city of Ancestral Puebloan houses, built between 1150 and 1300 A.D.