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来自维客旅行

Caution 注意: 跨蒙古铁路和跨满洲铁路已暂停运营,恢复日期尚未公布。
(信息最后更新于2025年9月6日)

The Trans-Siberian Railway (俄语: Транссиби́рская магистраль Transsibírskaya magistral' 或 Трансси́б Transsíb) 是指横贯 西伯利亚 从莫斯科开始的铁路路线。请注意,这是指路线,而不是具体的火车;不存在“西伯利亚特快列车”这样的说法。有三条主要路线,沿途有多趟列车服务。

  • The Trans-Siberian proper crosses the enormous breadth of Russia, from Moscow via Perm, Yekaterinburg, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Ulan Ude, Chita and Khabarovsk to the Pacific Ocean at Vladivostok.
  • The Trans-Mongolian follows the same route from Moscow as far as Ulan Ude, then branches south via Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia to Beijing in China.
  • The Trans-Manchurian follows that route further, past Ulan Ude to Chita, before crossing Chinese Manchuria to Beijing.
The Rossiya train, which plies the entire Trans-Siberian railway from Moscow to Vladivostok

这些线路由直达的终到终列车服务,前往符拉迪沃斯托克的列车至少每天一班,前往中国的列车每周一至两班。有几趟列车只行驶较短的区段,因此您可能无需过夜即可继续向同一方向行驶。西伯利亚大铁路的路线如同蜿蜒的河流,随着时间推移而改变了它的走向,因此存在着各种平行的线路。横跨欧洲俄罗斯的经典路线经过下诺夫哥罗德,但其他线路则绕道北边的雅罗斯拉夫尔或南边的喀山。西伯利亚大铁路曾经经过彼得罗巴甫尔,但该地现在属于独立的哈萨克斯坦:因此,线路已向北改道,但前往阿斯塔纳的列车仍沿原路线行驶。“贝阿铁路”(贝阿铁路)是一条北部的并行线路,最终到达太平洋的瓦尼诺/苏维埃港;有人提议将其延伸至萨哈林岛甚至日本。这些是有趣的支线行程,但在此不被视为西伯利亚大铁路的一部分。

The Trans-Siberian Railway, built 1891–1916, is the longest railway in the world. The longest train service in the world is from Moscow to Pyongyang along the Trans-Siberian route to Ussuriysk near Vladivostok, where it branches south into North Korea. This runs as a through-train twice monthly. The longest train itinerary, in essence greatly extending the Trans-Siberian with changes in trains but without leaving the rail network, is Portugal to Singapore.

了解

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Map shows Trans-sib in red, Baikal-Amur Mainline in blue
另见:俄罗斯铁路旅行

A ride on the Trans-Siberian Railway is one of the few true adventures remaining.

The route from Moscow's Yaroslavsky Station to Vladivostok spans two continents, 16 major rivers, six federal states and almost a hundred cities. Even today the bridges across the Amur, Yenisei and Ob are unique – they are the largest river bridges on the Asian continent. In total there are 485 bridges. It is the backbone of the Russian rail network and the connection between the Asian and European railway networks. It's the most travelled railway in the world, and much of Russia's oil is transported along it.

While the population is largely ethnically Russian along the whole route, more and more of various Asian ethnic groups will be seen as you approach the Pacific coast.

The people you most likely will learn to know are your fellow passengers. Especially those who travel alone will very likely get to meet locals in the compartment. It's a fantastic opportunity to get to know Russians, especially if you know the language a bit. Remember that most people do not speak a word of English, so bring a Russian phrasebook. An automatic translator in a smartphone or tablet may become an indispensable tool for understanding the locals.

历史

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Prisoners building the railway near the Amur river
See also: 俄罗斯帝国, 苏联

Travel in Siberia before the railway was a desperate affair. Early routes, trade and settlement were north-south, using the great rivers to sail in from the Arctic during the brief summer. Attempts were made to build an east-west highway from the 16th and 17th centuries, but early road-building was no match for the harsh climate and logistic problems. Meanwhile the great natural resources of Siberia remained untapped, and economically the east was looking to China not Russia, so the tsars then the Soviets persisted. But not until 2015 did Russia have a fully-paved, all-weather highway coast to coast. And even now that the highway is open, freight and people are moved via the railroad much more than via road – especially over the vast distances that are often necessary to get from anywhere to anywhere in Siberia.

铁路是运输重货的更好选择,西伯利亚大铁路的建设于1891年5月从东西两端同时开始。头十年是一段艰苦的英雄岁月,修建了超过7000公里的铁路——没有其他铁路能以如此快的速度建成。尽管如此,面对着山丘、沼泽和湿地,面对着坚硬如铁的冻土、不可穿越的泰加林和需要跨越的大河,一切都依赖于19世纪的设备和技术——而且是在一个在同时代人眼中常常被视为无可救药落后的国家。有高达6万名工人参与了铁路建设,许多人付出了生命。全长9288公里的铁路于1916年完工,电气化工程于2002年完成。它改变了俄罗斯的面貌,俄罗斯从此成为一个同样亚洲化也同样欧洲化的国家。西伯利亚和俄罗斯远东地区经济蓬勃发展,大量人口迁往这些地区——但并非总是自愿的。沿铁路的城镇,如鄂木斯克、新西伯利亚、克拉斯诺亚尔斯克和伊尔库茨克,都发展成为大型工业城市。同样,其他地方则衰落了:托木斯克原本计划设在西伯利亚大铁路线上,但改进的工程允许了更短的路线经过新西伯利亚,因此它反而成了流放异见者的场所,一个偏僻之地,但其老城区因此得到了更好的保存。仅举一例说明当时的人们对铁路的重视程度,法国报纸《法国》在完工时写道:“继发现美洲和修建苏伊士运河之后,历史上没有任何其他事件能带来如此巨大的直接和间接后果,其影响超越了西伯利亚大铁路的修建。”

Trains to Mongolia and China were suspended during COVID-19 pandemic. These have since been resumed.

列车类型

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There are four different types of long distance trains. Firmennye (Фирменный) and skory (Скорый) are fast trains, the former offering a higher level of comfort. Passazhirskiy (Пассажирский) are slower and less comfortable, whereas pochtovo-bagazhniy (Почтово-багажный) are super-slow and primarily designed for post delivery. A higher train number means a lower train category and less service on the train. The train category is written out in the schedule. There are also local trains (Often called "Elektrichka" due to being the first electric trains in common use in Russia), but they do not cover the entirety of the line (often connecting a city and its suburbs along the line) and traveling along those would make the whole thing even more of an adventure – akin to trying to cover all of Europe on commuter rail and local buses.

The longer the section is, the fewer train alternatives you will have to pick from. Direct trains between Moscow and Beijing depart twice weekly (one train via Ulaanbaatar and another via Harbin). Between Moscow and St. Petersburg there are more than 20 daily trains.

On long distance trains there are one or two attendants per car. They are responsible for cleaning the samovars and checking the tickets.

准备

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The Trans-Siberian on the steppes of Siberia

独立出行还是参加旅行团?

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Travelling independently is straightforward provided you are well-organised, and can plan and book all your stop-overs, accommodation and journey legs in advance. You will need to do this in any case to get your Russian visa, if your itinerary involves multiple entries into Russia. Then, like a spacecraft coasting between planets, you will almost weightlessly progress from train to hotel to train to hotel. Try to improvise it as you go along and it will be adventure verging on quagmire. You may get away with winging it along the Moscow – Saint Petersburg axis and in the CIS countries. However, Trans-Siberian distances and journey times are vast, and finding accommodation and booking train tickets locally will require at least a basic knowledge of Russian.

If you travel on an organised tour, all these problems disappear. You simply need to pay and show up at the right time. A group trip on the Trans-Siberian is about 30% more expensive compared to a DIY trip. It also means that you are bound to the schedule of the group and that your interaction with locals will likely be limited to greeting the waiter in the dining car.

气候与装备

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In January, temperatures under -40°C aren't uncommon

Keep the luggage as small as possible and avoid bringing any valuables. What you should pack depends on the time of the year; in the summer the temperature can rise to over 30°C in Siberia and China. In winter it will be under -30°C in much of Russia and Mongolia. In the spring or fall just a couple of T-shirts, a sweater and a light jacket should suffice. If needed, clothes can be purchased cheaply at markets along the road. In the train, your clothing should be comfortable (e.g. sports clothes) and flip-flops. It's also recommended to bring enough stuff to read.

建议携带物品清单

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Packing the following items is recommended for any lengthy journey on the Trans-Siberian railway

  • Pocket knife For slicing up bread and vegetables you can buy from the sellers at major stops
  • Cutlery Instant noodles, or its Russian version – instant potatoes, become essential snacks for most travellers, since each carriage is equipped with boiling water from the Samovar, unfortunately they often come without the usual plastic fork or spoon.
  • Mess tins or large stainless steel mug with cover. Useful for preparing noodles or tea, and brushing teeth.
  • Perfumed wet tissues/baby wipes/wet wipes These little things can do wonders for your personal hygiene.
  • Head lamp On these long journeys (through 8 time zones), it often turns out that Einstein indeed was right – time does become relative. So bring a headlamp for reading when others want to slumber. Or, you can just use your phone instead.
  • Flip-flops or other slip-on footwear, for your days on the train
  • Deck of cards or other easily explained games are great for socializing with your fellow travellers, and making the long hours spent on the train immensely more enjoyable. Bring a deck of 5 Crowns for this is a favourite in Russia. If you are a chess player, by all means bring a little chess set – the game is very popular in Russia.
  • Pictures of your home, country and family and a phrasebook with a conversation section can work surprisingly well, since you'll have nothing but time to overcome the language gap. Many Russians tend to be curious about foreigners once the initial suspicion dies down, since they don't normally meet many – even these days. Recommended: make a list of vocabulary and study it in the train!
  • External battery/powerbank – although trains are now equipped with electric sockets, they can be used by other people at a time, or sometimes on higher beds there are only USB slots for charging, which are not very powerful.

Jewellery is best left at home. If you're bringing a tablet, laptop or other expensive electronics - they should of course be kept out of sight as much as possible. One thing that you should bring along is a camera with enough storage space, or a smartphone with a good camera. In all larger cities, there are Internet cafés, or just places with WiFi where you can upload your pictures or transfer them to an external drive. Also bring additional batteries or chargers, as charging your gadgets on board may not be easy, although possible, as there are power outlets on most trains now.

抵达

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Vladivostok station

The three termini of the Trans-Siberian are Moscow, Beijing and Vladivostok. There's also a bi-monthly connection from Moscow to Pyongyang, but it is generally not possible for foreigners to use this.

欧洲终点站

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从欧洲各地都可以乘坐火车到达莫斯科。从伦敦出发(单程)的车票起价约为200英镑,而德国铁路是一个有用的资源。您很可能需要白俄罗斯的过境签证,除非您通过乌克兰旅行,或者从华沙绕道前往里加(多趟巴士,需要几天)或从德国经赫尔辛基(乘坐火车或渡轮,费用相对较高)。从北部方向抵达,可以顺道游览圣彼得堡——可以从芬兰和爱沙尼亚乘坐火车、巴士或渡轮抵达。

Eurolines is a European coach company, with routes from many cities. Fares from London start from around GBP60.

Aeroflot is the principal airline operating into and out of Moscow, in addition almost all European (and some Asian and North American) flag carriers and some budget airlines fly to Moscow.

Which Moscow station? First and foremost, your train departs from the station stated on your ticket, so check! But normally, trains along the classic Trans-Siberian route via Kirov depart from Moscow Yaroslavskaya Station. But several trains to the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East depart from Moscow Kazanskaya Station; it's adjacent to Yaroslavskaya Station and to Leningradskaya Station in the NE of the city, and the Metro stop for all three terminals is Komsomolskaya. Some other eastbound trains (mostly, those to Nizhny Novgorod) depart from Moscow Kurskaya, 1 km further south, and the Metro stop is Kurskaya.

圣彼得堡,在西伯利亚大铁路修建期间是俄国首都,直到2022年,都可以从芬兰波罗的海国家乘坐火车抵达。从那里,您可以选择前往莫斯科,或者乘坐北线西伯利亚大铁路,绕过莫斯科,经过沃洛格达叶卡捷琳堡,在那里您可能需要换乘火车才能继续前往符拉迪沃斯托克北京

Caution 注意: 截至 2025 年,除 伊斯坦布尔贝尔格莱德 外,没有从欧洲城市飞往俄罗斯的航班,或者您可以使用其他中转城市,例如 埃里温迪拜第比利斯 等。以及几乎所有飞往欧洲国家的活跃铁路和巴士连接都已暂停。

亚洲终点站

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DBS Ferry runs throughout the year to Vladivostok from Sakaiminato, Japan via Donghae, South Korea. By air, Aeroflot serves Vladivostok, among others.

北京可以从拉萨(西藏)乘坐每日班车,或从胡志明市(越南)乘坐每周两次的班车,或从香港乘坐隔天班车抵达。越南以远,铁路连接中断,没有从泰国、缅甸或印度出发的火车路线——尽管巴士通常是可行的选择。北京有大量的国际航班,前往其他东方终点站的航班也相对较多。例如,Air Asia提供前往中国的廉价航班,S7 Airlines提供飞往俄罗斯的航班,而MIAT蒙古航空[无效链接]operate to Ulaanbaatar from Beijing, Moscow, Seoul, and Hong Kong in season.

平壤每周有来自莫斯科的直达列车,每两周一班。通往朝鲜边境哈桑的线路在巴拉诺夫斯基处从前往符拉迪沃斯托克的主线上分叉,然后火车跨过图们江进入朝鲜城镇图们江

签证信息

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2,914 km from Moscow

More detailed visa information in the Russia, Mongolia, China and North Korea articles

Most travelers will need visas from Russia and China.

Mongolia can be visited without a visa by most Western tourists. and for those that need visas, the application process is relatively straightforward, but you must apply at a Mongolian diplomatic mission as there are no eVisas.

China has a more cumbersome visa application process. In most cases, you will need to provide a detailed itinerary, including tickets into and out of China, as well as accommodation reservations for each night you plan to stay in China. In most cases, you can only apply for a Chinese visa in your country of citizenship or residence.

Russia is more problematic. Invitations are generally required for issuing a visa. If you are buying your train tickets through a travel agency at home, they can almost certainly handle your visa application if they specialize in travels to Russia. A tourist visa gives you up to 30 days in the country. A business visa is a choice for people who want to spend up to 90 days, but you will need an invitation from a Russian company to be issued the visa. Citizens of most European countries can obtain an eVisa to visit Russia for up to 16 days, and do not require an invitation, but citizens of the U.S., UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand are not eligible.

North Korea can only be visited on a guided tour, and independent travel is strictly forbidden. Taking the train from Moscow to Pyongyang is possible provided you have arranged it as part of your North Korean tour.

Every foreign tourist has to get registration for stays in one place of more than 7 working days (9 days if weekend is included). Hotels provide it for free most of the time, some hostels will do it for an extra charge. Apparently any Russian can register you at his/her place by going to the post office and paying a small fee. If you stay in one place for less than 7 working days, you are not required to register. Train tickets and hotel receipts are a good proof that you did not overstay. In any case, it is strongly advised to keep tickets and receipts until you leave the country.

However, Russian transit visas issued in Beijing or Harbin last 10 days and require no invitation. This would be enough time to make the trip with no stops along the way and spend a couple of days in Moscow. The Beijing consulate is open from 09:00 to 11:00 but remember that many Chinese nationals are also trying to acquire visas with you, so show up early. The cost varies for each nationality, but Americans can expect to pay US$250 for same-day service or $150 for the five-day service. Upon arrival in Moscow you have four nights valid on your transit visa, which allows for one or two nights in Moscow, an overnight train and one or two nights in Saint Petersburg, but you must be across the border before midnight on the final day of your visa.

There are many ways to exit from Russia via Saint Petersburg, including buses and trains to Helsinki, Tallinn, Riga, Kyiv and various other places in Europe, but be wary that nearly all nationalities need a transit visa (or tourist visa) for Belarus (see here if unsure) so be sure to be prepared with a visa if your plans take you through Belarus.

Caution 注意: 您需要白俄罗斯过境签证吗? 截至 2020 年 7 月,西方护照持有者需要白俄罗斯过境签证才能陆路穿越该国前往俄罗斯。据宣布,此规定不再适用:您的俄罗斯签证足以让您穿过白俄罗斯。但截至目前,大使馆网站上尚未确认这一点,因此关键细节缺失。首先,是真的吗?——而且是官方的,您可以打印出来作为凭证挥舞?允许的过境期限是多久?允许哪些出入境点?返回俄罗斯时是否适用相同的规定?所有类别的俄罗斯签证都算吗?——等等。在确认之前,您需要致电大使馆,或咨询您的签证支持机构。祝您好运,因为他们很可能都和您一样一无所知。

For exiting through Finland or the Baltic countries: the Finnish border to Russia is closed as of 2025, and other countries' borders may close as well. The trains have been suspended.

(Information last updated 01 Jul 2020)

A Russian transit visa cannot be extended under any circumstances. If you arrive from Beijing, you can register your visa after arriving in Moscow. If you have a 10-day Transit Visa and do not stay in one place (go to Saint Petersburg) you do not have to register your visa.

Citizens of Israel, South Korea, certain Latin American countries, the CIS member states and a handful of other countries do not need Russian visas.

票务

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See also Russia#Get around

俄罗斯的火车系统与欧洲的系统不同。火车票是为固定日期购买的,所有停靠站都必须提前规划好。例如,如果您有一张从莫斯科到符拉迪沃斯托克的车票,并在伊尔库茨克下车,而您的车票上没有注明您将从那里乘坐另一趟列车,并且列车在您离开后发车,那么您将被困在伊尔库茨克,因为车票对后续任何列车都无效。这有点类似于飞机从纽约飞往莫斯科,在阿姆斯特丹转机——如果您决定在阿姆斯特丹下机并错过航班,您将无法使用您的机票乘坐下一班飞往莫斯科的航班。一般来说,列车在国际边境会停靠数小时,在大城市停靠十分钟(慢车,有时超过一小时),在小站停靠几分钟。因此,您可以在站台上购物,有时甚至可以参观车站大楼,但如果要真正游览城市,您需要乘坐稍晚的列车继续您的旅程。

The rules state that a passenger is allowed to make one stop on his journey (for no additional charge), but this requires a little paperwork while on the train and will be difficult to arrange with the attendant without good knowledge of Russian.

There are four ways of buying tickets for the trip. You can purchase them from a travel agent (or online) in your own country, a travel agent in the country from which you will start the journey, turn up and buy tickets yourself at a station in Russia, or buy tickets online through the Russian Railways (РЖД) website or application (see below). The first two options are the safest but the most expensive, the last two are cheapest but require some time and effort from your side. Popular trains can be sold out well in advance, particularly in peak season, so try to book early. Early means 45 days before the departure of the train. This is the earliest date when tickets are sold to individuals. Travel agencies can promise you tickets at a much earlier date.

您可以在俄罗斯的任何一个车站购买车票,不一定非要在火车线路上。请准备好排队数小时(虽然这种情况很少见),并且不要指望在售票窗口有除俄语以外的其他语言服务。俄罗斯、乌克兰白俄罗斯,甚至波罗的海国家如爱沙尼亚拉脱维亚立陶宛都有共同的票务网络,因此您可以在所有这些国家购买俄罗斯火车票(例如,在布列斯特)。票价大致相同,除非您去旅行社购买。小额差异取决于是否包含卧具(约100 卢布)和保险(约150-200 卢布)。如果您的车票不包含卧具,您将需要向列车员支付相同的价格(但白天短途旅行自然不需要)。保险不是您真正需要的,所以直接说 bez strakhovkee(без страховки,无保险)即可。在线购买时,保险通常不包含在内。

At some stations, there are still special windows for selling tickets only for foreigners, but the price of tickets should now be the same for foreigners and local people.

Tickets are always individual, with name and passport number written on them, so you will have to show passports for all travellers when you pay (a passport photocopy is usually enough) and when you enter the train (original document should be presented). Check this carefully. One wrong digit in your passport number printed on the ticket will most likely prevent you from boarding the train. Also, if you plan to buy tickets on more than one occasion, it may be useful to keep handy a piece of paper with the travellers names written in the Cyrillic alphabet instead of transcribing them each time. Also, pay attention to the train number – at big busy stations this will help you to the right platform & train, as there may be multiple departures around the same time, with no indication of the intermediate stations served.

In Beijing, international train tickets can be bought from China International Travel Service (CITS), which has two offices; one in the International Hotel on Jianguomen and one in the lobby of the Beijing Tourism Building, behind the New Otani Hotel. They must be bought in person.

在线购票

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Kupe-class passenger cabin on the Trans-Siberian

Tickets can be purchased online. Most routes support "electronic registration" – boarding the train only requires your passport (or the identity document associated with the ticket). Nevertheless, it is advisable (while not strictly necessary) to have your tickets printed out, to avoid any hassles. You can do this in any cash desk, or in one of the special ticket machines, which are now installed on bigger train stations. If you need to print your ticket - always print it at least an hour before departure, because ticket machines are often jammed or out of paper, while cash desks are notorious for very long queues. Hand over your passport and order confirmation (or just the order number). The cashier will issue you a paper ticket for no additional fee. They can print all your tickets at the same time.

Buying tickets at the official Russian Railways website can be quite difficult, but a bit cheaper than at the stations because there will be no processing fee. You can also select the car and your seat/place, and explore all options. However, not all foreign credit cards are accepted (none are accepted since 2022). You can buy domestic tickets up to 45 to 60 days before departure, international tickets 60 days before departure. International tickets are usually more expensive than domestic ones, so it is advisable to make a stopover shortly before border crossing and travel with domestic tickets as far as possible.

Usually they only check your identity document when you board, nobody ever asks for a ticket, because they already checked in their system if you have it or not.

俄罗斯境内的售票处

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  • Russian Railways, +7 495 266-8300 (International Ticket Office only in Russian). Website sell tickets online (in English)
  • Transsib Reisen, +7 90959 1010-1. sell tickets at cost. They have been located in Saint Petersburg since 1991 and they speak English, German and French as well. Their website, however, is solely written in German but shows an integrated Google translator.
  • RusTrains.com, +7-812-645-08-98, . Convenient online ticket office. Working in Moscow since 2014, have website in English, Spanish and other European languages as well. Provide efficient customer support

车站编号

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Station numbers are used internally in the Russian railway computer system, but they are usually printed on the tickets as well. Knowing them may help when making the reservation in smaller stations (you could bring this page and use it for pointing), or when buying the tickets abroad.

At the ticket counter


  • I would like to buy a ticket – Ya hachu kupit bilyet – Я хочу купить билет
From – iz – из
To – v – в
  • One, two, three persons – adeen, dva, tree chelavyeka – один, два, три человека
  • Today – sevodnya – сегодня
  • Tomorrow – zaftra – завтра
  • Monday – panedyelnik – понедельник
  • Tuesday – ftornik – вторник
  • Wednesday – sreda – среда
  • Thursday – chetvyerk – четверг
  • Friday – pyatnitsa – пятница
  • Saturday – subota – суббота
  • Sunday – vaskresyene – воскресенье
  • Leaving at – vy-ezd – выезд
Morning – ootram – утром
Noon – dnyom – днем
Evening – vyecherom – вечером
  • Carriage class – vagon – вагон
Platzkart (3rd) – platskart – плацкарт
Kupe (2nd) – kupe – купе
SV (1st) – es ve – СВ
  • Could I have... – mne pozhaluista... – мне, пожалуйста...
upper berth – vyerhnyuyu polku – верхнюю полку
lower berth – nizhnyuyu polku – нижнюю полку
  • Passport number – nomer pasporta – номер паспорта

国际

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Stations are listed in order from west to east

俄罗斯

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List of major stations listed in order from west to east

2004001 圣彼得堡 – Glavnyi Station (Санкт-Петербург (Главный вокзал))
2004004 圣彼得堡 – Finliandskii Station (Санкт-Петербург (Финляндский вокзал))
2000002 莫斯科 – Yaroslavskij Station (Москва (Ярославский Вокзал))
2000003 莫斯科 – Kazanskij Station (Москва (Казанский Вокзал))
2000006 莫斯科 – Bieloruskij Station (Москва (Белорусский Вокзал))

票价

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The Trans-Manchurian goes from Moscow to Beijing via Harbin – in Russian "Moskva-Pekin" as written in Cyrillic letters on the depicted train car

Fares vary widely mostly because prices change with the quality of the trains and the places you pick. Low-numbered trains (001, 008, etc.) are more expensive and more comfortable. You are more likely to find yourself in a new and air-conditioned car with clean toilet ("bio-toilet" meaning that it does not splash crap on the tracks and, therefore, remains open during the whole journey). High-numbered trains (133, 139, etc.) are less expensive and less comfortable. Expect older cars without air conditioning (while this is rare now as air conditioning is now in most of the trains) and with old-style toilets, which are locked when train is on the station and sometimes even 15–20min prior to that. However, Russian Railways do not guarantee any particular type of train car for your journey. Even expensive trains may get older, less comfortable cars sometimes.

The price is also strongly affected by the place you choose on the train, no matter its number. Main principle is that lower beds/places are usually noticeably more expensive (think 30% more), and beds on the second level are cheaper. If you pick a "platzkart" place - the ones on the side of the train along the passage are usually the cheapest, while most uncomfortable to sleep on.

Russian Railways offer seasonal pricing for domestic train tickets (varying -20% to +35% of the "base price"). Tickets are usually more expensive in summer and cheaper in winter. Additionally, a so-called dynamic system is introduced on certain routes since January 2016. This is similar to airlines. You get lower price when buying your ticket well in advance (40–45 days before departure) and can get a much higher price when buying the ticket on the day of the departure. Short trips may be ridiculously expensive (€2030 for 1–2 hours, but it's mostly unheard of and can only be like that because only several most expensive seats/beds are left available), whereas a journey for several thousand kilometres turns out to be surprisingly affordable.

But overall, tickets' prices mostly aren't dramatically affected by how many days are left before departure, the main difference because of timing will be there only if you buy them well in advance (as mentioned before). So usually you can easily buy a ticket a day before on right on the same day and price wouldn't be changed much by dynamic pricing system, maybe somewhat, but not drastically. And if you don't buy tickets in advance - the only thing which will matter is how much seats are still available on this particular train, so it can happen that there will be no places left on this train on this time - if this segment is popular + there's not much a lot of time left until the departure.

Rough estimates for one-way segments would be, which also depends on the dynamic pricing, train quality, season and date

  • St Petersburg–Moscow overnight train start from about 5000 руб (2nd class) and from 4000 руб for express Sapsan service (standard class seat).
  • Moscow–Ekaterinburg starts from around 7500 руб (2nd class, lower bed)
  • Ekaterinburg–Krasnoyarsk are about 7000-12000 руб (2nd class, overnight).
  • Krasnoyarsk–Irkutsk about 3500-7000 руб (2nd class).
  • Irkutsk–Vladivostok about 12000-18000 руб (2nd class).

总成本:2024年,根据俄罗斯铁路的网页,从莫斯科到符拉迪沃斯托克(或反之)的单程车票价格,三等舱(“platzkart”)的简单铺位约为14000 卢布,或者二等舱(coupe/“kupe”)的隔间(低铺)为28000 卢布。高铺的“kupe”通常价格在20000 卢布左右。在整条铁路上没有一等舱隔间,它们只在靠近莫斯科的特定区段的特定列车上才能找到。

重要提示:以上单程车票的估价意味着您将全程乘坐同一趟列车并在同一铺位上,只能在较大的城市停留30-60分钟,因为这是列车停靠的时间长度,之后列车就会继续前进。而一些希望在沿途城市停留一段时间的旅客,则需要购买不同列车的车票,总票价肯定会更高。总的来说,如果您混合使用platzkarts和coupes,高铺和低铺,总成本可能接近50000 卢布

时刻表

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Caution 注意: 俄罗斯铁路不再全部使用莫斯科时间。 截至 2018 年 8 月,所有时刻表、车站时钟以及最关键的火车本身都使用莫斯科时间,在俄罗斯亚洲部分,这比当地时间晚数小时。这可能很超现实,当你匆匆下火车,站台和候车厅都显示 10:00,却发现外面是西伯利亚的昏暗夜晚;但这是有规律的,有助于长途规划。然而如今,它们使用当地时间,这对于包括圣彼得堡在内的俄罗斯大部分地区来说确实是莫斯科时间,但随着您向东旅行,它会不断变化。俄罗斯有十个时区,西伯利亚大铁路横跨八个时区,因此请非常仔细地核对时刻表和车票。蒙古、中国和“斯坦”国家的火车没有时间变化,它们一直使用本国时区。
Ticket counters and departures and arrivals billboard, Omsk

The Trans-Siberian trains have varied schedules: some trains are daily while some go on even dates, some on odd dates and some trains depart only on a couple of days during a week.

俄罗斯铁路网站提供所有俄罗斯火车时刻表,以及一些从俄罗斯出发的国际列车时刻表,例如莫斯科-北京。仅显示实际可用性,所有俄罗斯火车通常在出发前60或45天放出车票,大多数国际列车则提前60天放出。显然,使用的是俄语拼写:北京是Pekin,莫斯科是Moskva圣彼得堡Sankt-Peterburg叶卡捷琳堡EkaterinburgSverdlovsk(该市的旧名),乌兰乌德Ulan-ude乌兰巴托Ulan-Bator,而哈巴罗夫斯克是Habarovsk

Unless you travel all way from Moscow to Beijing or Vladivostok on the same train, especially if you embark outside a major city, you may have to take so-called "passing-by" (проходящие) trains that begin their journey very far, perhaps thousands kilometres away from your departure station. The distribution of tickets is a bit tricky. It is not "first-come first-serve" basis that would fill up the train in a random manner. Some seat ranges are reserved for departures from certain stations, so you can, at least in theory, buy tickets for any route well in advance. Once the seat range assigned to your station is sold out, you won't find tickets from this station any longer, until 72 hours before departure, when all remaining seats become available. If you are really keen on that, you can try to cheat the system by playing around with departure and arrival stations and finding the ticket you really want. But most likely you can get what you need without going too deep into how the system works.

Other good options for doing your own planning includes the Deutsche Bahn travelplanner[死链接]. It's available in many languages including English, French, and Spanish. It has fewer transliteration issues that the Russian websites, but it includes only the limited firmenny "fast" trains. Another good option is the Poezda railway table (search Google) one of the few online scheduling tools in English that doesn't try to sell you tickets, and it has a nice simple interface to boot. If you understand Russian, the Russian Internet portal Yandex has a handy real time information service including schedules for trains and stations and current locations of trains are shown on a map.

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It's not worth getting off at every stop. The places listed below (except the junctions and border crossings) are the most interesting ones.

Map
'"`UNIQ--maplink-00000019-QINU`"'
Map of Trans-Siberian Railway (Edit GPX) '"`UNIQ--indicator-0000001A-QINU`"'

纯粹的西伯利亚铁路

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The Trans-Siberian proper connects Moscow with Vladivostok.

Generally there are two trains a day in each direction,. From Moscow train 010 leaves Jaroslavl station and arrives in Vladivostok almost 6 days and 12 hours later. The slightly slower train, number 002 arrives in Vladivostok almost 6 days 22 hours later.

In the other direction train 009 leaves Vladivostok and is in Moscow 6 days and 4 hours later. The slightly slower 001 takes 6 days and 19 hours to reach Moscow.

The time and route below are for the faster trains (010 and 009). Trains 001/002 (Rossiya) take a different route from Moscow and pass via 雅罗斯拉夫尔 instead of 下诺夫哥罗德 but joins the former before 基洛夫.

The Trans-Siberian in Moscow
The Golden Gate of Vladimir
Nizhniy Novgorod
The Church on the Blood, Yekaterinburg
Novosibirsk railway station – one of the largest in Russia
Krasnoyarsk Dam, near Krasnoyarsk
贝加尔湖
Central Ulan-Ude
Chita railway station
符拉迪沃斯托克
km from MoscowTime from Moscow时区描述
莫斯科 (Москва)0 km0 hr莫斯科The Russian capital has some world-famous landmarks, including the Kremlin, Red Square and St. Basil. Moscow is obviously a superb destination for anyone interested in Russian history with museums, old churches and buildings both from the Soviet Era and earlier times.
弗拉基米尔 (Владимир)210 km3小时莫斯科Founded in the 12th century, Vladimir is known for its white medieval stone architecture which is one of Russia's UNESCO World Heritage Sites and a part of the Golden Ring. If you travel on the slower train which goes via 雅罗斯拉夫尔, the historic center of that city also on UNESCO's list and on the Golden Ring itinerary, although from a later time period. 5 minutes after leaving train station there will be pre-Mongolian Russian Prthodox Church of the Intercession on the Nerl from 12 century by the right side.
下诺夫哥罗德 (Ни́жний Но́вгород)442 km6 小时莫斯科During Soviet times, this 13th century city was called Gorki, and among the city's museums there is one dedicated to the writer. Like Moscow and some other Russian cities, Nizhniy Novgorod also has a Kremlin. Additionally, it boasts the Volga river and a great selection of traditional Russian architecture.
伏尔加河渡口447 公里6 小时莫斯科您将要穿越的第一条主要俄罗斯河流是伏尔加河,就在离开下诺夫哥罗德火车站片刻之后。
彼尔姆 (Пермь)1,436 公里20 小时莫斯科+2彼尔姆以其文化活动和机构而闻名,例如俄罗斯唯一的当代艺术画廊PERMM。短途旅行包括在库尔干的一个洞穴和一个前古拉格营地改建的博物馆。
欧亚边界1,777 公里1 天, 1 小时莫斯科+2欧亚大陆边界由森林中的白色方尖碑标记。您现在距离莫斯科只有一天多一点的路程。
叶卡捷琳堡 (Екатеринбу́рг)1,816 公里1 天, 1 小时莫斯科+2乌拉尔地区的首府拥有令人印象深刻的苏联时期建筑和有趣的博物馆,展示当地手工艺品、艺术和自然风光。
秋明 (Тюме́нь)2,144 公里1 天, 6 小时莫斯科+2秋明是西伯利亚早期俄国堡垒之一。它是深入秋明地区探险的良好起点,包括古城托博尔斯克,它是西伯利亚的第一个俄国定居点,也是可以看到旧俄式建筑的地方,包括大量的木屋。
额尔齐斯河渡口2,706 公里1 天, 13 小时莫斯科+3在抵达鄂木斯克之前,您将渡过额尔齐斯河。
鄂木斯克 (Омск)2,712 公里1 天, 13 小时莫斯科+3鄂木斯克曾短暂地成为白俄首都。景点包括军事博物馆、哥萨克大教堂(有哥萨克旗帜)和西伯利亚木雕房屋。
鄂毕河渡口3,332 公里1 天, 22 小时莫斯科+4在抵达新西伯利亚之前,您将渡过又一条重要的西伯利亚河流——鄂毕河。
新西伯利亚 (Новосиби́рск)3,335 公里1 天, 22 小时莫斯科+4俄罗斯第三大城市,拥有大量的苏联现代主义建筑和优秀的苏联纪念性艺术作品。历史建筑还包括古老的教堂、商人住宅和20世纪初的军事营地。它是前往阿尔泰山脉哈萨克斯坦的起点。
泰加 (Тайга́)3,565 公里2 天, 1 小时莫斯科+4泰加村本身并不重要,但从这里您可以相对容易地到达托木斯克,这是一座拥有木结构建筑的学生城市。
克拉斯诺亚尔斯克 (Красноярск)4,095 公里2 天, 9 小时莫斯科+4风景优美的克拉斯诺亚尔斯克市由哥萨克人建立。该市有几家博物馆、纪念碑和贸易娱乐中心。更远的地方有一个巨大的水力发电大坝和斯托尔比自然保护区,那里有花岗岩石柱。如果您将通过蒙古-北京线前往北京,那么您已经走完了从莫斯科到一半的距离。
叶尼塞河渡口4,101 公里2 天, 9 小时莫斯科+4此外,克拉斯诺亚尔斯克坐落在一大河流旁,在您东行途中将穿过这条河。
贝阿铁路枢纽4,515 公里2 天 15 小时莫斯科+5在泰舍特村之后,贝阿铁路向北分叉。
伊尔库茨克 (Иркутск)5,185 公里3 天, 2 小时莫斯科+5距离莫斯科到符拉迪沃斯托克的一半路程,旅程三天后,伊尔库茨克坐落在联合国教科文组织世界遗产地,即贝加尔湖岸边。这座城市本身拥有传统的西伯利亚装饰性木屋、一艘破冰船、一座大坝,当然还有几座致力于该地区文化和历史的教堂和博物馆。一种特别的纪念品是卡穆西——传统的毛皮靴。从伊尔库茨克还可以乘坐环贝加尔湖铁路
乌兰乌德 (Улан-Удэ)5,642 公里3 天, 11 小时莫斯科+5民族志博物馆的大门表明您已经来到了东方,而且不仅仅是这样——乌兰乌德具有独特的蒙古风情,有佛教场所和该地区主要贸易点时期的古老豪宅。
跨蒙古铁路枢纽5,655 公里3 天, 11 小时莫斯科+5离开乌兰乌德不久,有一个重要的交汇点;外蒙古-中国铁路的直线路段继续向东前往符拉迪沃斯托克,而外蒙古-中国铁路则向南前往蒙古和中国。
赤塔 (Чита)6,199 公里3 天, 18 小时莫斯科+6曾经的封闭城市赤塔提供了一些宗教景点。由于游客很少,特别是西方人被视为一种好奇。
跨满洲里铁路枢纽6,312 公里4 天, 0 小时莫斯科+6距离莫斯科大约四天,外满洲里铁路轨道向南延伸至哈尔滨和北京。
阿穆尔河渡口8,515 公里5 天, 11 小时莫斯科+7在经过一段很长的路程,没有任何主要城市后,您将跨越阿穆尔河,这是本次行程中的最后一条主要河流。河桥描绘在5000 卢布纸币上。
哈巴罗夫斯克 (Хабаровск)8,521 公里5 天, 11 小时莫斯科+7渡过河流后,您将抵达哈巴罗夫斯克。如果您对博物馆感兴趣,这里有几家带有“远东”前缀的博物馆,您可以在那里了解该地区的军事历史、艺术、历史以及……远东铁路——包括西伯利亚大铁路的最东段!
符拉迪沃斯托克 (Владивосток)9,288 公里6 天, 0 小时莫斯科+7出发六天后,或者如果您乘坐的是慢速火车,则需要更长时间,您将抵达太平洋岸边的符拉迪沃斯托克。火车站的风格与莫斯科的雅罗斯拉夫尔火车站相同,后者位于线路的另一端。俄罗斯太平洋舰队基地就设在这里——这座城市就是为此目的而建造的——因此有大量的海军景点和纪念碑可供参观,还有太平洋沿岸的风景。

外蒙古-中国铁路

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从乌兰巴托站出发

外蒙古-中国铁路连接莫斯科和北京。它沿着与西伯利亚大铁路相同的轨道行驶一半多的路程,然后向南绕行,穿过蒙古进入中国。本路段的所有车站都比莫斯科时间晚五个小时。

外蒙古-中国铁路43次列车(在中国被识别为K4次列车)每周二晚上11:45从莫斯科出发,周一下午11:40抵达北京。返程方向,33次列车(在中国被识别为K3次列车)每周三上午11:22从北京出发,次周一中午13:58抵达莫斯科。此外,莫斯科和乌兰巴托之间每周还有两班列车。6次列车每周三和周四晚上11:45从莫斯科出发,周一和周二早上06:45抵达乌兰巴托。反方向,5次列车每周二和周五下午15:25从乌兰巴托出发,五天后(周六或周二)下午13:58抵达莫斯科。

贝加尔湖至北京

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在贝加尔湖停留后继续行程可能会很困难,尤其是在旺季——所以请提前规划您的行程并购买车票。

如果您在乌兰巴托,需要前往北京但没有车票,最好不要乘坐直达火车,因为价格很高,而且售票处经常售罄。然而,周围有一些非官方的黄牛党,他们很乐意以官方价格的三到五倍的价格出售车票——这显然是一个糟糕的交易。相反,乘坐当地火车到边境的扎门乌德(15美元),然后乘坐小巴过境进入中国,再乘坐巴士前往北京(40美元)。

蒙古北部色楞格省的风景
许多蒙古人住在蒙古包里,这是传统的帐篷,首都也不例外
边境处进行的转向架更换,以适应中国轨距
大同的云冈石窟
天坛,北京
km from MoscowTime from Moscow时区描述
跨蒙古铁路枢纽5,655 公里3 天, 11 小时莫斯科+5乌兰乌德之后不久,外蒙古-中国铁路就离开了西伯利亚大铁路。
瑙什基 (Наушки)5,902 公里3 天, 17 小时莫斯科+5瑙什基是俄罗斯边境车站,显然是该线路上的最后一站;如果您从反方向来,则是第一站。希望您没有忘记您的签证。边境的俄罗斯和蒙古之间没有时差。
苏赫巴托尔 (Сүхбаатар)5,925 公里3 天, 19 小时UTC+9苏赫巴托尔是蒙古边境火车站。与瑙什基一样,火车在这里停留的时间会比以前的车站长得多。
乌兰巴托 (Улаанбаатар)6,304 公里4 天, 4 小时UTC+9蒙古首都,是这条路线的亮点之一。有致力于从大蒙古帝国至今历史的景点和佛教寺庙。还可以到附近的戈尔希-特尔勒吉国家公园徒步旅行,体验蒙古自然风光,并有机会住在传统的蒙古包里。这里是前往蒙古任何地方的最佳起点。
扎门乌德 (Замын-Үүд)7,013 公里4 天, 17 小时UTC+9穿越戈壁沙漠后,火车抵达边境车站扎门乌德。
二连浩特 (二连浩特)7,023 公里4 天, 19 小时UTC+8二连浩特,也称额仁浩特,是中国边境车站。在这里,转向架会被更换,以适应中国的轨距;这是俄罗斯和中国之间火车运行的又一件有趣的事情。这需要3-4个小时,在此期间您需要带着所有行李下车。
朱日和 (朱日和)7,182 公里5 天, 1 小时UTC+8一个由索尼德右旗管辖的城镇,锡林郭勒,靠近中国军队的一个主要训练中心。
集宁 (集宁)7,356 公里5 天, 3 小时UTC+8集宁,也称乌兰察布,是一个重要的铁路枢纽和矿业城市,从这里乘火车2小时即可到达附近的大同市,大同市有许多值得参观的景点,甚至还有一个联合国教科文组织世界遗产——云冈石窟,拥有51000尊佛像。几座寺庙、一座11世纪的佛塔、被誉为道教五岳之一的恒山以及街头食品摊都增加了这里的体验——您已经来到了中国。
张家口 (张家口)7,534 公里5 天, 5 小时UTC+8张家口市位于北京西北部。张家口的一部分是长城,并且有一个被称为大境门的长城门,曾是汉族和蒙古族之间交通和贸易的重要组成部分。2022年冬奥会的许多滑雪赛事都在张家口崇礼区的太子城区域举行,为此还修建了一条新开通的快速火车线路。
北京 (北京)7,854 公里5 天, 9 小时UTC+8很少有城市能像北京一样充斥着历史遗迹。最重要的景点是天安门广场、故宫、天安门、天坛以及长城,乘车一小时即可到达,但您可以轻松地花一周时间探索这座城市。从北京您可以前往中国几乎任何其他地方——既然您已经走了这么远,为什么不继续您的火车旅程呢?

外满洲里铁路

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外满洲里铁路也称为东方号,和前者一样,它也开往北京。它沿着西伯利亚大铁路的轨道行驶更长的距离(约三分之二),之后转向南进入中国,而不经过蒙古。

外满洲里铁路20次列车(在中国被识别为K20次列车)每周六晚上11:45从莫斯科出发,次周六早上05:46抵达北京。19次列车(在中国被识别为K19次列车)周六晚上11:00从北京出发,周五下午17:58抵达莫斯科。

从俄罗斯的扎拜卡尔斯克出境
哈尔滨火车站
长城尽头,山海关
距离莫斯科公里数Time from Moscow时区描述
跨满洲里铁路枢纽6,312 公里4 天, 0 小时莫斯科+6在西伯利亚大铁路长度的大约三分之二之后,外满洲里铁路轨道向南拐去。
后贝加尔斯克 (Забайка́льск)6,666 公里4 天, 7 小时莫斯科+6扎拜卡尔斯克是俄罗斯边境车站。车辆将更换适应中国轨距的转向架,这将导致更长的等待时间。中国时间比当地俄罗斯时间晚一小时。
满洲里 (满洲里)6,678 公里4 天, 13 小时UTC+8过境后是满洲里,中国的边境车站。
海拉尔 (海拉尔)6,824 公里4 天, 19 小时UTC+8呼伦贝尔(呼伦贝尔)市的中心城区,以其草原闻名。
博克图 (博克图)7,034 公里5 天, 0 小时UTC+8牙克石(牙克石)管理的城镇,一个铁路枢纽。
昂昂溪 (昂昂溪)7,303 公里5 天, 4 小时UTC+8昂昂溪是齐齐哈尔市的一个区。扎龙自然保护区位于市的东南部,那里是许多鸟类(包括鹤)的栖息地。
哈尔滨 (哈尔滨)7,613 公里5 天, 8 小时UTC+8哈尔滨是一座具有俄罗斯影响的中国城市,一百年前许多建筑由俄罗斯人建造,有相当大的俄罗斯少数民族,甚至还可以找到套娃出售。主要景点包括老虎公园、几个公园和一些博物馆。如果您在冬天来这里,不要错过冰雪雕塑节。
长春 (长春)7,819 公里5 天, 11 小时UTC+8长春曾是日本伪满洲国的首都。长春有伪满洲国的宫殿和政府部门,以及其他日式建筑。
四平 (四平)7,934 公里5天12小时UTC+8重要的铁路枢纽。
沈阳 (沈阳)8,122 公里5天14小时UTC+8沈阳是中国东北最大的城市。努尔哈赤的皇宫盛京皇宫以及清朝头两代皇陵——位于北陵公园内的昭陵和位于东陵公园内的福陵——都是联合国教科文组织世界遗产。
锦州 (锦州)8,364 公里5天17小时UTC+8重要的铁路枢纽和矿业城市。
山海关 (山海关)8,585 公里5天19小时UTC+8山海关是长城入海处。这座城市还有其他与长城相关的景点。乘火车几分钟即可到达更大的城市秦皇岛,秦皇岛作为海滨度假胜地而闻名,山海关是其下辖的一个区。
唐山 (唐山)8,721 公里5天19小时UTC+8唐山是北京和天津附近一个重要的工业城市。唐山有地震博物馆,纪念1976年唐山大地震,该地震被认为是20世纪死亡人数最多的地震。
天津 (天津)8,844 公里5天21小时UTC+8天津是中国五个国家中心城市之一。天津的城市区域位于海河沿岸,曾是清末和民国初期的外国租界所在地。
北京 (北京)9,001 公里5天23小时UTC+8很少有城市像北京一样拥有如此丰富的历史遗迹。最重要的景点包括天安门广场、故宫、天安门、天坛以及万里长城。长城距离火车约一小时车程,但您很容易花一周时间来探索这座城市。从北京出发,您可以到达中国几乎任何地方——既然已经走了这么远,为什么不继续您的火车旅程呢?

支线行程

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戈尔基-特勒吉国家公园的龟石

沿途有一些有趣的旅游目的地。“西伯利亚大铁路之旅”前后常会游览圣彼得堡。鞑靼人的首都喀山位于莫斯科和叶卡捷琳堡之间的另一条铁路线路上。托博尔斯克,旧西伯利亚首府,距离秋明仅200多 公里。托木斯克,西伯利亚最美的城市,可以从新西伯利亚或克拉斯诺亚尔斯克进行短途游。旅途中的一个亮点是贝加尔湖,可以从伊尔库茨克和北贝加尔斯克前往;你会在火车上看到湖泊,但为什么不进一步探索这个地区呢?在该地区停留几天的旅客,经常会去风景优美的奥尔洪岛游玩。

在蒙古,乌兰巴托周围的地区值得一游;例如,特勒吉国家公园或更远的戈壁沙漠。中国的主要景点之一,万里长城,距离铁路线不远。

其中一条平行线路,在苏联时期被西伯利亚大铁路使用,穿过矿业城市彼得罗巴甫尔,进入哈萨克斯坦北部,然后在俄罗斯重新入境,并在鄂木斯克与标准线路汇合。西方护照持有者访问哈萨克斯坦无需签证,问题是你离开俄罗斯后,只能凭双次或多次入境俄罗斯签证才能重新入境。为了匆匆一瞥彼得罗巴甫尔而安排这一切额外的麻烦是不值得的,重点是向南前往哈萨克斯坦首都阿斯塔纳(前称努尔苏丹)和阿拉木图。这两地都有火车前往中国西北部的乌鲁木齐,乌鲁木齐有超高速列车前往西安和北京。但这并不是西伯利亚大铁路的支线,而是一条全新的独立路线,在莫斯科至乌鲁木齐文章中有描述。

购物

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花费主要取决于您想要的质量水平。二等车厢旅行,入住中档酒店,享用简餐和观光或演出,每天花费约100-120欧元。如果您想享受头等舱的火车旅行和酒店,并参加导游行程,则每日花费很容易上升到500欧元。自炊、三等车厢旅行和入住旅社,您每天的花费可以降至20-30欧元。中国和蒙古在旅游方面比俄罗斯更便宜、更容易获得。真的没有什么折扣。国际(或本地)学生证可以获得一些折扣,但老年人折扣则闻所未闻。

您可以在任何城市的良好汇率下兑换许多世界货币。携带本地货币不是必需的,因为当地银行的汇率要好得多。除了中国,不要在机场兑换货币(或者只兑换足够您进城的钱)。在俄罗斯,兑换点的汇率通常与银行的汇率相似。火车上无法兑换货币。在中国,汇率由政府固定,私人银行通常拒绝兑换瑞士法郎,因此您需要去政府银行兑换。

信用卡可在酒店、较好的餐馆、旅行社和大型超市使用。在莫斯科和北京,它们被广泛接受。在自动取款机上,Visa卡是最常被接受的。

旅行支票只能在少数地方兑现,但汇率尚可。

在俄罗斯,一般小费为5-10%。如果您对服务不满意,则不必支付小费。在蒙古,账单通常会四舍五入。在中国,这两种做法都不普遍。

餐饮

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火车停靠时出售的食物和饮料
火车上的茶炊(称为“泰坦”)

在这类旅程中,您将有机会品尝到许多不同的美食。有关当地特色的更详细列表,请参阅各个城市和地区的文章。以下仅列出一些与火车相关的通用事项。

许多火车都设有餐车。考虑到质量,价格很高。主菜约5-8欧元。午餐和晚餐时间您可能会吃到新鲜烹制的食物,但其他时间则期望是微波炉加热的冷冻食品,口感不佳。饮料和酒精的价格大约是商店的2-3倍。另一方面,您不能在火车上饮酒(啤酒除外),也不能自带酒水进入餐车,所以如果您想喝酒,要么支付价格,要么在您的车厢里悄悄喝,就像大多数当地人那样。头等舱车票,甚至一些二等舱车票可能包含食物(早餐小吃,午餐和晚餐热食)。一位女士会来到您的车厢,带来几碗热腾腾的食物。通常是新鲜烹制的,而且相当好吃。

在莫斯科-符拉迪沃斯托克线路上,火车每3-4小时停靠20-30分钟。每个人都可以下车,站台上经常有人提供各种新鲜的当地食品(鸡蛋、鱼、奶酪、面包、水果、肉馅饼或奶酪馅饼)和饮料。如今,许多火车站要求他们购买许可证才能在站台上摆摊。在北京和新西伯利亚之间,仅在蒙古的乔伊尔和俄罗斯的马林斯克观察到站台小贩。价格很低;只接受俄罗斯卢布。亮点是在贝加尔湖岸边出售的熏鱼(奥木尔鱼)(站名:斯柳江卡,停靠时间短,动作要快)。一些较大的车站会有售卖零食和酒精的食品店。

站台上的售货亭也出售食品和饮料,但价格通常是两倍。要获得合理的价格,请等待一个停车时间较长的车站,然后走出火车站,通常外面会有很多售货亭或小商店,提供更广泛的选择。在大多数停靠站都可以找到超市(不一定是西式超市)、经济实惠的小吃摊和简单的餐馆。主要城市有更豪华的餐厅和快餐连锁店。然而,只有在莫斯科和北京才能找到熟悉的西方连锁店。

北京哈尔滨过来,中国境内最后一站是满洲里。那里出售的食品相当昂贵,但许多俄罗斯人会在此囤积物资(即酒类和啤酒)。每人最多可携带2升酒精(啤酒或伏特加或两者混合)入境俄罗斯,否则需要向海关支付“罚款”(贿赂)。在这里把所有人民币花光,除非你想留作纪念,因为一旦出境,它们就几乎一文不值了。车站前有几个黑市换汇点,以高得离谱的汇率兑换人民币兑卢布。要换取卢布,你可以在俄罗斯边境一侧(恰巴克萨尔)有充足的时间。走到镇上的银行里的自动取款机。留出30分钟往返。火车会停靠数小时,以便更换车厢,所以你可以逛逛当地的食品市场(面包、奶酪等)。

经蒙古从北京出发进入俄罗斯,仍然有那些敲诈性的换汇贩子。乌兰巴托火车站的候车区有一个非常合理的货币兑换处。蒙古和俄罗斯的站台小贩大多接受美元或欧元。但是,他们只接受纸币,所以如果您使用5欧元纸币,请了解汇率并多买点。在您冲出车站寻找银行自动取款机(ATM)之前,务必询问服务员有多少时间可用,因为火车不会等您。如果您不在蒙古停留,请避免购买蒙古图格里克。它们在其他地方几乎毫无价值,而且出口图格里克是非法的。因此,使用美元或欧元,但请立即兑换成卢布,因为俄罗斯商贩比蒙古或中国站台商贩更容易捏造汇率。

食物传统上会放在车厢的桌子上。分享食物并不少见。这构成了一次愉快的野餐,您将借此机会认识您的同乘旅客。礼貌的做法是让他们邀请您,并且您也带些东西一起分享。为什么不带些您自己国家的东西来呢?

每节车厢都配有茶炊(热水分配器,字面意思是“自煮器”),在整个旅程中都会保持加热状态。准备好一些方便面、茶包和速溶咖啡。带上您自己的杯子,或向列车员要一个。列车员也以略高的价格出售茶、咖啡、零食甚至冻干食品。

饮品

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酒精是俄罗斯文化的重要组成部分,因此在车厢野餐时喝点伏特加并不少见。此时,您需要小心,并且要知道何时停止。首先,在俄罗斯火车上饮用烈性酒是不允许的,但正如在俄罗斯总是那样,“不允许”并不意味着“禁止”。车厢服务员会假装看不见您,除非您制造噪音或其他麻烦。警察可能会检查火车并骚扰饮酒者,所以保持安静,将酒瓶放在桌子下面。切勿喝超过您能承受的量。饮酒比赛肯定会让您住进医院,甚至更糟。在同乘旅客向您敬酒时,请运用常识。您很有可能尝到好酒,而不是遇到麻烦,但麻烦并非闻所未闻,从劣质酒到故意掺入毒品的酒都有,这些酒会让您成为轻易的受害者。

此外,也是重要的饮品;在俄罗斯通常是带柠檬的红茶,在中国是绿茶。在休息时、饭后饮用,有时也作为开胃酒。

茶炊在您想喝热饮时也很有用(水是免费的,但请自带茶叶或从列车员那里购买)。通常可以在餐车购买软饮料和啤酒带回您的车厢。

随身携带一本基础的俄语常用语手册是值得的,因为列车员不太可能说英语,而且提供的饮料除非您明确要求,否则不会加牛奶或糖。

住宿

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乘坐跨蒙古火车穿越戈壁沙漠
硬卧

所有长途火车票都是卧铺票。一等和二等车厢的卧铺长度约1.9米,宽度约半米。三等车厢的卧铺较短。莫斯科和圣彼得堡之间的一些火车有座位。俄罗斯少数火车提供所有四种类型的车厢供选择。

  • 一等座(SV),除三类“M”车厢外,是最舒适且价格昂贵的。价格至少是二等座的两倍。每个车厢有两个沙发,分布在隔间两侧,可转换为床铺供睡眠。在某些火车上,如跨蒙古列车,头等车厢配有私人浴室。头等舱的服务实际上与欧洲和北美的服务有些相似,考虑到俄罗斯铁路以官僚主义和缺乏服务著称,这一点值得考虑。隔间门可以从内部锁住,但这些锁可以从外部用钥匙打开。如果使用安全链,门只能打开5厘米。
  • 二等座(Kupe)大致相当于西欧卧铺列车的标准。这些车厢是隔间式的,每个隔间可容纳4张床。白天,您将共享两个下铺,除了餐车外,没有其他坐处。大多数火车提供纯男性、纯女性和混合隔间。您可以根据自己的喜好选择其中两种。Kupe是舒适度与结识俄罗斯人机会之间的良好折衷。价格与最便宜的经济舱机票相当。二等座车票可能包含餐饮和“服务”。餐饮是指每天两次的热食。“服务”包括牙刷、拖鞋、茶、咖啡和小吃等包含在票价内的物品。
  • 三等座(Platzkart)与中国火车上的硬卧有些相似:许多人认为这种车厢比声誉好得多。这些车厢是开放式布局,有两张下铺和两张上铺(座位号1-36),一条狭窄的走廊,以及沿着车厢侧面延伸的另外两张卧铺(座位号37-52),后者不推荐。
    这里的隐私性很差,但许多人宁愿选择这种方式,至少进行一次短途过夜旅行,因为您不必被锁在三个陌生人的隔间里。它还提供了更独特的俄罗斯体验,您将看到比二等座更广泛——也不同的——人群。价格通常比二等座低40-50%。许多中产阶级人士乘坐这种方式旅行,但您也可能遇到刚从军队退役的年轻人和其他吵闹或喝醉的同伴,因此这比躲在封闭的隔间里更具冒险性。缺点是,三等车厢的卧铺较短,对于身高超过1.75米的人来说会很不舒服。灯光会调暗,但夜间不会完全熄灭。
  • 四等座(Obshchy)是最便宜的出行方式。它只在较慢的火车上提供。大多数人只将其用于不超过10-12小时的短途旅行。四等车厢可能有独立的座位,就像欧洲火车那样,但您更有可能发现自己处于三等车厢,其中每张下铺可容纳三人,此外一人还应睡在上铺。事实上,上铺在这里最受欢迎。它们首先被填满,不论票上的座位号。然后其他人将坐在或躺在下铺上。

如果火车在当地时间早上8点前到达您的目的地,车厢服务员会提前半小时叫醒您。否则,会在抵达前15分钟通知您。

对话

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北京-乌兰巴托-莫斯科三语线路,跨蒙古

虽然俄罗斯是一个幅员辽阔的国家,一些地区有自己的地方语言,但俄语在每所学校都教授,并作为不同民族群体之间的通用语。如果您懂一些俄语,可以在整个旅程中使用。如果您不懂,学习西里尔字母仍然是值得的,因为许多标志没有拉丁字母转写。

蒙古语,蒙古国的语言,也使用西里尔字母,并有两个额外的字母。然而,俄语是蒙古国最广泛学习的外语,所以您通常可以在城市里用俄语交流。另一方面,蒙古人对中国有强烈的敌意,经常对使用普通话感到冒犯。

在中国东北部,讲普通话。它是一种声调语言,一个不熟悉显示声调的拉丁字母转写的人不太可能被当地人理解。同样,大多数当地人也无法理解中文的拉丁字母转写。换句话说,如果您不能说流利的中文,请找人(例如在您的酒店)用中文写下地址给出租车司机等看。俄语通常在边境城镇以外不常用。

韩语朝鲜的语言,尽管与韩国所说的韩语有所不同,尤其是在现代概念方面。

英语主要由年轻人和受教育者使用。一些年长的俄罗斯人会说德语,一些年轻人会说法语。在中国,英语也不普遍,尽管主要酒店和游客景点的工作人员,因为接待许多外国游客,通常会讲基本的英语。朝鲜只能通过有导游的旅行来参观,您的导游会讲英语(或您预订旅行的语言)。

注意安全

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《西伯利亚大铁路》(电影)

有人说西伯利亚铁路是贩运毒品的主要路线。这至少影响了一部电影《西伯利亚大铁路》,该电影以铁路为背景,讲述了沿途毒品走私和犯罪活动的惊险故事。

三等车厢的普通一天

乘坐西伯利亚铁路的旅程相当安全,尤其是如果您四人一组成团并拥有自己的隔间。隔间可以从内部用两个锁锁住。一个可以用特殊的钥匙从外面打开,另一个则无法从外面打开,锁上后门只能打开一点点。建议夜间同时使用这两个锁。跨蒙古和满洲里列车服务曾是苏联解体后盗窃和团伙抢劫的温床,但截至2021年1月,由于车上执法力度加强,路线是安全的。您外出时无法从外面锁住您的隔间。但是,列车员可以为您做到。

三等车厢提供的个人空间较少,保护性也较差。如果您睡在下铺,请将您的物品存放在铺位下方。如果您睡在上铺,请使用上面的架子。外出到车站时,请随身携带所有贵重物品。物品很少被盗,但仍需合理谨慎。

在俄罗斯,警察可以是您的好朋友,也可以是坏敌人,这取决于情况。每列火车至少有一名警察,他可能会四处巡视寻找醉汉、毒品、乞丐和罪犯。如果您受到骚扰或威胁,请联系列车员,他们会叫警察。另一方面,避免做任何会引起警察注意的事情。在2010年代初发生恐怖袭击后,每个火车站都配备了大量警察,他们会不时检查证件并询问行李情况。切勿在没有车票和护照的情况下离开火车。俄罗斯警察也对拍摄铁路、车站和火车的人非常敏感。这是反恐偏执的另一个方面。外国人,尤其是西方游客,不太可能遇到这个问题。然而,如果警察找上您并要求删除某些照片,只需照做然后忘掉(或稍后恢复照片)。切勿尝试拍摄警察。

通常来说,小城镇比大城市不安全。如果您独自旅行,请避开人迹罕至的区域,在人群附近唯一需要注意的是扒手。如果您进行短途旅行,您的火车可能会在午夜后抵达。请待在火车站直到早上(除非您很清楚要去哪里),或者选择白天抵达的火车。

如果您是明显的游客,您很可能会在集市上被欺骗,尤其是在出租车司机那里。解决办法是了解一些俄语并掌握良好的讨价还价技巧。即使卖家开始用美元报价,即使您打算用美元支付,也要始终用卢布协商价格。大多数地方除了卢布外不接受任何货币。

卖家和出租车司机经常会抓住您的胳膊将您拉到他们的摊位或汽车旁。在这种情况下,只需用力挣脱即可。他们是为了让您为他们的商品和服务支付高价,而不是为了伤害您。

一些酒店甚至在火车站附近都有卖淫活动。为避免可能损失金钱和健康,请远离。任何形式的毒品也是如此。

可能是夜间最危险的城市是乌兰巴托。酒店和旅社通常在午夜至早上6点之间关门,因为街上很不安全。

保持健康

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在开始这样的旅行时,您应该身体状况良好,且没有理由认为您的状况会在旅途中恶化。只有在莫斯科和北京的私人诊所才能获得符合西方标准的良好医疗护理。在蒙古,您真的应该带上急救箱。对于较小的伤势,乌兰巴托的私人诊所足够好,但如果发生严重情况,无论费用如何,您都应前往北京、欧洲或美国。

健康风险包括禽流感和狂犬病。与野生动物保持距离。

自来水可能不适合饮用。俄罗斯人认为煮沸后是安全的,而这就是您从茶炊中获得的水。如果您谨慎,可以携带瓶装水,但请记住您将没有机会加热它。

尊重

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北京火车站,跨蒙古和跨满洲里列车的终点站

特别是如果您独自旅行,您将与当地人共度一些火车上的时光,因此在旅程前学习基本的行为准则很有用。请参考您将要旅行的俄罗斯蒙古中国文章中的尊重部分,以了解当地文化。

尽管各国对旅游业开放,但摄影并非在所有地方都允许。不要拍摄军事和政府建筑,因为在最坏的情况下,这可能会让您入狱。您也应该三思而后拍其他政府拥有建筑,如火车站。博物馆通常有自己的摄影规定,与世界其他地方一样。

应对

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舒适程度和便利设施的数量取决于您乘坐的火车类型。较新的车厢配有空调和充足的电源插座,整体外观也很漂亮,而较旧的车厢则没有这些,夏季可能会变得闷热,而严酷的西伯利亚冬季则会非常寒冷。如果您可以在您路线上选择几种火车,那么票价较高的火车更有可能拥有较新、舒适的车厢。

标准设施包括铺位、床垫、枕头、毯子和床上用品。床垫、枕头和毯子存放在你铺位上方的架子上。有时列车员会为你铺好床,但大多数情况下你得自己动手,尤其是在三等车厢。这些东西很重,在狭窄的空间里拿下来并摆弄它们并非易事。需要帮助的人可以随时向同行的旅客寻求帮助。长途旅行时,白天通常会移走下铺的床上用品和床垫,以便大家都可以坐着。另一方面,下铺的旅客可能更愿意小睡一会儿。这时你就完全没有坐的空间,即使不愿意,也会被迫躺在上铺。独自乘坐三等车厢的旅客,建议预订车厢侧面的下铺。这样你就有机会随时坐着,甚至可以使用桌子,而不会受到其他乘客的打扰。

睡眠在火车上可能不像您想象的那么简单。窗户常常是锁死的,夏天会闷热难耐。俄罗斯火车不太平稳,因此要准备好不断的颠簸、噪音以及同乘旅客无法避免的干扰。二等车厢的条件比三等车厢好得多,但仍然与在旅社睡觉一样,比在自己的房间睡觉要差得多。二等车厢的卧铺对大多数人来说足够长,但三等车厢的卧铺略低于1.80米。如果您身高超过这个数值,就弯曲腿。让腿伸到过道是另一种选择,除非您睡在侧卧,但这会让其他人每次经过时都撞到您。俄罗斯人总是头朝窗户、脚朝过道睡觉。反向睡觉(脚朝窗户)不会受到批评,但当地人从不这样做。

务必使用可以拉到窗户上的深色窗帘。这可以避免外部的刺眼灯光。带上耳塞,并考虑其他有助于在嘈杂环境中入睡的东西。一杯烈酒、一本喜欢的书或一些好音乐可能会有所帮助。如果您以前从未乘坐过夜火车,请在穿越整个国家之前,先尝试一次短途的、过夜的旅程。

女性列车员(“检票员”)

电源插座可能很难找到。较新的车厢每个卧铺都有电源插座(或至少每个隔间2个插座)。较旧的车厢只有一个“公共”插座在卫生间旁边,另一个在茶炊附近。列车员在他们的隔间里有一些额外的隐藏插座。所有插座都设计用于剃须刀:您可能会看到写着不应为笔记本电脑和设备充电的特殊标志。但是,您可以连接任何您想要的东西(不推荐使用电水壶),但没有人对您的设备负责。虽然电压出了名的不稳定,但大多数设备都能在这种冲击下幸存(有关建议,请参阅电源插座)。

列车员是长途旅行中您最好的朋友。他们可能拥有冰箱、微波炉和额外的电源插座等实用设施。列车员通常对外国人比较保守,很少懂英语,但如果您尝试与他们进行简单的交谈或赠送礼物,他们中的大多数会变得更友好。他们还可能帮助您与警察、边防人员和同乘旅客进行谈判。

卫生间通常位于车厢两端。较新的车厢配有全时运行的封闭式卫生间(所谓的“生物卫生间”)。较旧的车厢则类似厕所(地板上的洞),在火车停靠站或进站时会关闭。每个卫生间门上都贴有正式的时间表,但列车员通常很友善,会在抵达前锁定卫生间,而不是提前15-20分钟。如今大多数卫生间都很干净,配有卫生纸和肥皂。纸巾不常见,但您总会从床上用品中得到一条小毛巾。然而,水槽非常小且难以使用,因此湿巾仍然是您的最佳选择。携带纸巾或卫生纸是个好主意。

淋浴在大多数长途列车上都有,包括西伯利亚铁路。一些较新的车厢(包括三等车厢)在卫生间提供免费淋浴,座位预订期间的网站上会列出详细信息。否则,一到两个淋浴间位于火车中间某处的一个车厢里。会收取少量费用(约150 卢布)。

互联网在火车上从未提供过,除了少数不在西伯利亚铁路路线上的最新火车。但是,您可以使用手机连接(购买当地SIM卡)做得很好,即使在西伯利亚森林中间信号会很弱或没有。如今,绝大多数俄罗斯人都有智能手机,在三等车厢里看到笔记本电脑或平板电脑也很常见。当然,要小心您的财物。

下一站

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如果您在经过一周的火车旅行后抵达符拉迪沃斯托克,您会感觉像是到达了世界的尽头,但正如我们所知,世界并非平坦。因此,您可以选择乘渡轮前往日本韩国,或者乘火车前往哈尔滨,然后从那里前往中国其他目的地。理论上,前往朝鲜是可能的,但实际上非常困难。

如果您的旅程在北京结束,这是一个探索中国其他地区甚至亚洲其他地区的好机会。高铁是游览中国的最佳方式,对于前往朝鲜的旅行,北京是一个相对更好的起点,尽管您需要确保在尝试之前已经获得了朝鲜签证。如果您有时间,实际上可以乘火车、巴士和渡轮组合前往巴布亚新几内亚

如果您的西伯利亚铁路之旅在莫斯科结束,您可以游览金环,继续前往圣彼得堡,一直到北欧国家,或者乘坐几趟直达欧洲目的地的火车。请注意,前往中欧的直达火车经过白俄罗斯,几乎所有人(必须提前获得)都需要签证才能入境。

行程西伯利亚铁路 具有指南地位。它提供了覆盖整个路线的良好、详细的信息。请贡献并帮助我们将其打造成一篇明星文章!

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